空军战士-第20节
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性又很可怕。它不像一场测验或者橄榄球、篮球比赛后年轻人的谈话。“这里没有
对个人成就的自豪之情; 或者对战绩的互相比较、吹嘘”; 而且; “没有人嘲笑那
些还未参战的人( 如藤哈肯、麦高文和其他刚来的人);因为大家知道明天或者后天
他们就要参战”。藤哈肯还注意到: “那些完成34次任务的人没有表现得兴高采烈。”
因为他们都记得“在第35次任务中死去的那个人”。没有人说话是为了出风头。大
家交流经验只是因为更好地运用技术和战术将会提高生存机会。
藤哈肯军士和其他两个机组一起到达切里尼奥拉。其中一个机组先去执行任务。
任务时间很长。他们的飞机安全归来; 但被防空炮火在机翼和机身上打了几个洞。
那天傍晚; 做完任务后的询问之后; 他们离群索居; 不想说话。“他们觉得以后讨
论这些感觉会更好; 或许是我们都完成几次战斗任务之后。”对于藤哈肯及其机组
成员而言; “我们不知道他们什么时候能恢复曾有的乐观、兴致勃勃及其正常个性”。
一天后; 第二个机组执行他们的初次任务。两小时后飞机飞回基地。突然; 在
一排排的帐篷中间; 黑暗中出现了一个射手; 喘着粗气; 降落伞一半收在手臂上;
一半拖在地上。他吓坏了。他想知道机组中的其他人在哪儿。得知没人知道后; 他
解释说; 他们的B…24在目标上空被击中; 他无法估计伤害程度; 但说他的飞行员把
飞机开到机场; 在空中转圈; 测试控制设备; 并烧完剩下的燃料———迫降一架B…24
是非常危险的; 尤其是在机翼中还有油的情况下。飞行员无法确定起落装置是否正
常; 因为他失去了液压动力。他命令机组跳伞。飞行员呆在飞机里; 想把它降下去。
一个报信的人从保养维护区跑来说; 飞行员安全降落; 但飞机在降落时已经毁
了。如果机组成员还在飞机上; 一定会伤亡不少人。剩下的两个小时; 其余机组成
员一个个拖着降落伞回来了。没有庆祝; 也没有多少讨论; 但人们还是对那个飞行
员的行为心存感激。
陆军航空队有一条规定; 士兵和军官不允许深交; 这就是为什么在切里尼奥拉
;军官有自己的俱乐部;而士兵另有一个。但他们的帐篷紧挨着; 他们一起吃饭; 大
多数时候; 他们互相进入对方的俱乐部。俱乐部有啤酒; 一般是不凉的; 还有软饮
料。大部分第二天早上要出任务的人; 甚至连啤酒都不会多喝。大多数军官和军士
认为不能深交的规定荒唐可笑。“我们机组是一个家庭; ”肖斯塔克少尉说; “我
们互相之间一直都有很深的交往。”
飞行员到哪里; 机组就到哪里; 而他按轰炸大队队长的命令行事。他们和一个
步兵排、一个驱逐舰或其他战船的船员组是一样的。他们都需要把他们联结在一起
的归属感。无论是在地面; 还是在空中; 他们共同拥有这种归属感。无论飞行员年
纪多大; 执行过多少次任务; 机组成员都尊重他、信任他; 按他说的话去做。同样
地; 上述那个飞行员让他的机组成员跳伞; 而自己一个人降落飞机。尽管那是他的
第一次战斗任务。
在欧战胜利50周年纪念日; 我和乔( 约瑟夫) ·赫勒在一起; 他是第十二航空
队的一名投弹手; 《第22条军规》的作者。赫勒告诉我: “我从来没遇到一位坏军
官。”惊讶之余; 我问: “乔; 你创作了梅杰·梅杰少校、卡斯卡特上校、德里德
尔将军、蒙德兵德少尉; 以及其他一些不好的军官形象。世界上的人都知道他们;
你怎么能说你从来没有遇到过坏军官? ”
“他们都是虚构的; ”他回答说; “从我参军; 到去意大利; 到执行飞行任务
;到退伍;我遇到的每一个军官都很好。”在为写作这本书采访麦高文的过程中; 我
告诉他赫勒的话。麦高文表示同意。“这是我的经验; ”麦高文说; “我对飞行员、
投弹手、导航员; 以及大队的执行官、大队长; 都有深刻印象。我觉得他们是一群
优秀的人; 而且老实说; 我想不起任何一个不好的军官。在战斗中; 我确定我们的
军官知道该怎么做才是最好的———如果他们犯错; 也不是愚蠢的错误。我们的军
官很棒。”
显然; 二战中的美军中有一些虚弱、贫乏、无效率或者马马虎虎的军官; 有一
些绝对糟糕的军官。但这样的人一到战斗岗位; 陆军航空队、陆军、海军或者海军
陆战队就会把他们淘汰; 立刻。毕竟; 人命掌握在他们手中。战斗官员明白这一点
;并以此为出发点行动。问问和他们敌对的德国人;就知道他们有多么好。或者去问
问日本人也一样。
美国军官很棒。而以上讲述的; 就是驻在意大利切里尼奥拉的第455 轰炸大队
741 中队中的例子。
Learning to Fly in bat
。。。from The Wild Blue (Chapter 6) by Stephen E。 Ambrose
Learning to Fly in bat
The AAF policy in the Fall of 1944 was to have the pilots fly their
first five bat missions as co…pilots with a veteran and an experienced
crew。 McGovern was; in his words; 〃lucky;〃 because his pilot was Captain
Howard Surbeck of Washington state。 He was older; twenty…four…years…old
to McGovern ’s twenty…two; 〃and he had circles under his eyes and he was
obviously feeling the strain of bat。〃 He had flown 25 missions when McGovern
flew with him。 It was his tent that Rounds; with McGovern on board; had
torn in half with his jeep; but Surbeck never mentioned it to McGovern。
Surbeck let McGovern do quite a bit of the flying from his co…pilot
’s seat; sometimes half the mission。 The experience taught McGovern 〃more
about what it ’s like to have all that gear on and to go to 25;000 feet
in sub…zero temperatures and stay in formation and get shot at and all the
other things that go with bat missions。〃 Surbeck 〃brought me along。〃
McGovern’s first mission was November 11; 1944 — Armistice Day。 The
night before he checked and saw his name on the assignment sheet。 The morning
began for him when the operations sergeant came into his tent at 4:00 A。M。
to wake him。 On his first five missions; Rounds and Adams could stay in
the sack; as they were not going。 McGovern went to the mess hall for a powdered
egg breakfast。 Then he climbed into a truck for the drive to the group’
s operations room for the briefing。 At the door; an MP examined his identification
and checked his name on the assignment sheet; then opened the door so McGovern
and those from his truck could enter。
Inside; the 300 or so crew sat on planks placed over cinder blocks。
When a staff officer announced that they were all present and accounted
for; the door was locked。 The Group mander by the Fall of 1944 was Col。
William Snowden。 He was in his mid…forties; a 〃grandfather〃 figure to the
pilots and crews。 He had gray hair but a manding presence。 McGovern said
he had 〃the total confidence of everyone in our group。 A good man and a
good leader。 Just the way he moved around; he was reassuring without being
condescending。〃
When Colonel Snowden strode in; everyone stood at attention。 Snowden
climbed onto
the platform; put the men at ease; and after saying good morning motioned
to a member of his staff to pull a draw string。 Behind the curtain was a
large map of southern and central Europe。 The pilots and crew members saw
their route and the target drawn on the map with erasable marks。 When it
was Vienna; or Munich; or any other target known to be well defended by
antiaircraft guns; or if it was four or more hours flying time from Cerignola;
a dismal groan slowly became audible; but on this occasion there were murmurs
of approval because the target was Linz; Austria; not so terribly far away;
without any known antiaircraft batteries to fly over; and not so well protected
itself。 It could be what the men called a 〃milk run。〃 Later in the war Linz
would bee one of the most heavily defended targets in Europe。
Colonel Snowden got the men to quiet down and gave way to the weather
officer; who described what the cloud cover and winds were likely to be
like over Linz。。 Then he went over conditions on the route and what to expect
on the way home and what it would be like over Cerignola when they got back。
Next the operations officer described the nature of the marshaling yards
they were going after and explained that the mission was important because
the Germans were moving men and materiel through Linz on their way to the
Italian front。 He warned the pilots and bombardiers to make every possible
effort to avoid hitting the cultural sites and educational buildings。 By
this stage of the war; the bombardiers in the squadron would toggle their
switches when they saw the lead plane; with the best navigator and bombardier;
drop its bombs。
mpanel(1);
Next the men were told who would be the pilot of the lead plane。 He
was always a good pilot。 Sometimes he was a major; but often Colonel Snowden
would lead the missions — when that happened; the men would again mummer
their approval。 The briefing would conclude with the group chaplain leading
them in a prayer。
Dismissal came from Snowden; but only after he had the men 〃hack〃 their
watches。 They would pull the stems of their watches when the second hand
reached 12。 Snowden would have them set the minute and hour hands to correspond
to his; then count to ten and call 〃hack;〃 and they would push the stems
back in。 They filed out of the briefing room; to go to another briefing
— one for pilots and co…pilots; another for radio operators; another for
navigators and bombardiers; still another for gunners。
The men climbed into trucks for the ride to the storage sheds just off
the runway where their flying equipment and parachutes were located。 Each
crew got out and dressed for the mission。 They were going up to 20;000 feet
or even higher and it was going to be cold up there; between 20 and 50 degrees
below zero Fahrenheit。 McGovern and the others pulled on heavy winter underwear。
Next they put on long wool socks and a wool military uniform; slacks and
shirts olive drab。 Then a leather jacket and leather trousers; both lined
with sheepskin; then sheepskin…lined heavy boots。 Big; heavy silk…lined
leather gloves followed。 The sheepskin…lined helmet came down over the ears。
Surbeck and McGovern wore Colt 。45 pistols in a shoulder holster; then put
on backpack