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   be maintained。 For this tardy recognition of the rights and duties of
   laymen I am very thankful。 A great principle has been established�察�and
   I trust the clock will never be put back。

   But though I lay no claims to infallibility of judgement�察�I must
   respectfully express a doubt whether these new Houses of Laymen meet
   the wants of the day�察�and are anything more than a temporary makeshift。
   I might say something about the extreme difficulty of getting a really
   representative House of Laymen to meet at York� �But I will not dwell on
   this。 I will only point out three objections which appear to me not
   easily answered。

   ��a�� In the first place�察�these Houses of Laymen will have no legal
   status�察�unless they are formally authorized by the Crown and
   Parliament�察�and will be nothing more than voluntary debating societies。
   Convocation�察�on the contrary�察�is one of the oldest legal institutions
   in the realm。 How these two bodies are to work together under these
   conditions is not very clear。 It is an attempt to unite iron and clay。
   It is sewing a new patch on an old garment。

   ��b�� In the second place�察�the mode of forming�察�posing�察�and electing
   these Houses of Laymen appears at present far from satisfactory。 If
   they are to consist of laymen elected by the various diocesan
   conferences�察�they certainly will not be a fair representation of the
   laity of the Church of England。 For one thing�察�the constitution of
   diocesan conferences is not uniform�察�and differs widely in different
   dioceses of England and Wales。 For another thing�察�it is notorious that
   in most dioceses very few lay Churchmen attend a diocesan conference��
   and most of them ignore it altogether。

   ��c�� Last�察�but not least�察�it does not seem quite clear what these Houses
   of Laymen are to be allowed to discuss。 The idea which has been
   propounded�察�that they are never to open their mouths about ;questions
   of faith and doctrine�察─�is to my mind most objectionable。 It is
   unreasonable to suppose that intelligent English laymen�察�men of light
   and leading and intellectual power�察�will ever submit to be practically
   muzzled�察�and forbidden to speak of any but temporal matters。

   Such prohibition�察�in my opinion�察�is sure to lead ultimately to friction
   and collision。 If you call in the laity to aid in the administration of
   the Church�察�you must trust them�察�and give them liberty of speech。

   It is very possible that answers may be found to these objections��
   though at present I fail to see them。 I am thankful for the avowed
   expression of a desire to call in the help of the laity�察�and make use
   of their opinion on Church matters。 But I have a firm conviction that
   no movement in this direction will ever do much good�察�until we have a
   real National Council�察�posed of the 30 bishops�察�and some 60
   presbyters�察�and 120 laymen�察�elected from the 30 dioceses of England and
   Wales�察�and including laymen of the middle class�察�as well as of the
   upper ranks of society。 But I believe that the best and ablest lay
   Churchmen will never join a mere voluntary assembly�察�in which their
   discussions and decisions would be utterly destitute of any authority��
   and their resolutions would carry no weight。

   Above all�察�we want a Council in which bishops�察�presbyters�察�and laymen��
   shall sit together and consider subjects face to face。 The clergy would
   then have an opportunity of finding out what public opinion is�察�and
   discovering that they are not infallible。 The laity would have an
   opportunity of showing the clergy what is really going on in the world��
   and introducing practical business´like wisdom into their councils。
   This plan would be of immense advantage to all parties。

   I leave the rights and duties of lay Churchmen at this point。 I have no
   time to pursue the subject further。 I am conscious that I have advanced
   opinions which are distasteful to some minds�察�and startling because of
   their novelty。 But I have yet to learn that the reform in the position
   of the laity which I have suggested is not most desirable in the
   abstract�察�and most imperatively demanded by the times。 Between
   Liberationists�察�Romanists�察�and Agnostics�察�the good ship of the Church
   is on a lee shore�察�and the breakers are in sight。 Clergy and laity must
   co´operate�察�if the ship is to be saved。 It is no time to prophesy
   smooth things�察�and look through telescopes with blind eyes�察�and cry
   ;Peace�察�peace� �Let us sit still。;

   ��a�� ;Sacrilegious reform� ─�some will cry。 They think it downright
   wicked to let the laity have anything to do with spiritual matters。
   They wish them to be nothing but Gibeonites�察�hewers of wood and drawers
   of water for the clergy。 They talk gravely about Dathan�察�and Abiram��
   and Uzzah putting his hand to the ark�察�and Uzziah taking on himself to
   burn incense in the temple。 To such men I reply�察 �Look at the Irish
   Church�察�and learn wisdom。; If Disestablishment es��and many
   far´sighted men say it is sure to e at last��you will be obliged to
   cast yourselves on the aid of the laity�察�whether you like it or not。
   Even if it does not e�察�you will never be really strong�察�unless you
   place the laity in their rightful position。 As to the vague talk about
   sacrilege�察�it is all nonsense。 Touch the idea with the Ithuriel spear
   of Scripture�察�and it will vanish away。

   ��b�� But ;it is a dangerous reform�察─�some men will cry。 ;The laity will
   take the reins into their hands�察�and lord it over the consciences of
   the clergy。; Such fears are simply ridiculous。 There is far more real
   danger in letting the laity sit idle�察�and giving them no active
   interest in the Church's affairs。 I have a better opinion of the laity
   than these alarmists have。 The new ecclesiastical machinery may work
   awkwardly at first�察�like a new steam´engine�察�when its joints are stiff��
   and its bearings hot。 The laity may not understand at first what they
   have to do。 But give them time�察�give them time。 Show them that you
   trust them�察�and make them see what is wanted�察�and I have no doubt the
   laity would soon settle down in their place�察�and work with a will。
   Remember how admirably the Irish laity set their house in order after
   Disestablishment�察�and have more faith in English laymen。

   ��c�� ;But it is a useless reform�察─�some men will finally cry。 ;The laity
   are unfit to advise bishops�察�or sit in Church councils�察�or give an
   opinion about the fitness of incumbents。; I do not believe it for one
   moment。 The lay members of our Church may not be critics of Greek or
   Hebrew�察�or deep theologians�察�pared to many of the clergy。 But many
   of them have quite as much grace�察�and quite as much knowledge of the
   English Bible。 Above all�察�they have�察�as a rule�察�much more mon sense
   than the clergy。 No man can be ignorant of that who knows how our best
   laymen conduct themselves on the mittees of our great religious
   Societies。 The observation of Lord Clarendon about the clerical body
   is�察�alas� �only too true。 After long experience�察�he declared his
   conviction that ;clergymen understand the least�察�and take the worst
   measure of human affairs of all mankind that can write or read。; I
   fear�察�if he lived in the present day�察�he would not give us�察�as a body��
   a much better character。 Nothing�察�I firmly believe�察�would be such an
   advantage to the Church as to leaven all its action with a judicious
   mixture of the lay element。 The true cause of half the Church's
   mistakes in these latter days has been the absence of the laity from
   their rightful place。

   The greatest peril of the Established Church in this day consists in
   the favourite policy of total inaction which pleases so many�察�and their
   inability to see that we are in danger。 ;A little more sleep� �a little
   more slumber� �Why cannot you let things alone�拭─�This is the reply
   continually made when Church reforms are spoken of�察�and pressed on
   men's attention。 ;Why should we fear�拭─�they cry。 ;There is no real
   danger。; Will any one tell me there is no inward danger�察�when the real
   presence�察�and the Romish confessional�察�and ecclesiastical lawlessness��
   and Home Rule�察�are quietly tolerated on one side�察�and the atonement��
   and Christ's divinity�察�and the inspiration of Scripture�察�and the
   reality of miracles�察�are coolly thrown overboard on the other�拭�Will any
   one tell me there is no outward danger�察�when infidels�察�Papists�察�and
   Dissenters are hungering and thirsting after the destruction of the
   Establishment�察�and passing sea and land to acplish their
   ends��What Z no danger�察�when myriads of our working classes never
   enter the walls of our Church�察�and would not raise a finger to keep her
   alive�察�while by household suffrage they have got all power into their
   hands� �What� �no danger�察�when the Irish Church has been disestablished��
   the Act of Union has been trampled under foot�察�Protestant endowments
   have been handed over to Papists�察�the thin edge of the wedge for
   severing Church and State has been let in�察�and the statesman who did
   all this is

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