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russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及25准

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resolution was passed without enthusiasm but without opposition。 

       There followed the reading by Avanesov of the decree concerning the 

Menshevik        paper    Vsegda      Vpered     �─�Forever     Forward�察─     �but   usually 

described   by   critics   of   the   Mensheviks   as   ;Forever   Backward;��。         The 

resolution pointed out that in spite of the Mensheviks having agreed on the 

need of supporting the Soviet Government they were actually carrying on 

an agitation�察�the effect of which could only be to weaken the army。                     An 

example was given of an article�察 �Stop the Civil War�察─�in which they had 

pointed   out   that   the   war   was   costing   a   great   deal�察  �and   that   much   of   the 

food   supplies   went   to   the   army。   On   these   grounds   they   had   demanded 

the   cessation    of   the  civil  war。    The    Committee      pointed    out   that  the 

Mensheviks   were   making   demagogic   use   of   the   difficulties   of   the   food 

supply�察  �due   in   part   to  the   long  isolation   from   the   Ukraine�察  �the   Volga 

district and Siberia�察�for which those Mensheviks who had worked with the 

White Guard were themselves partly responsible。                  They pointed out that 

Russia was a camp besieged from all sides�察�that Kolchak had seized the 

important centre of Perm�察�that Petrograd was threatened from Finland�察�that 

in the streets of Rostov and Novo Tcherkassk gallows with the bodies of 

workmen were still standing�察�that Denikin was making a destructive raid 

in the northern Caucasus�察�that the Polish legionaries were working for the 

seizure of Vilna and the suppression of Lithuania and the White Russian 

proletariat�察   �and   that  in  the   ports  of  the   Black    Sea   the  least  civilized 

colonial troops of the Entente were supporting the White Guards。                      They 

pointed out that the Soviet Government had offered concessions in order 

to buy off the imperialistic countries and had received no reply。                  Taking 

all   this   into   consideration   the   demand   to   end   civil   war   amounted   to   a 

demand for the disarming of the working class and the poor peasantry in 

the face of bandits and executioners advancing from all sides。                 In a word�察�

it was the worst form of state crime�察�namely�察�treason to a state of workers 

and peasants。       The Committee considered useful every kind of practical 

criticism of the work of the Soviet Government in all departments�察�but it 

could not allow that in the rear of the Red Army of workers and peasants�察�

under that army's protection�察�should be carried on unrestrained an agitation 


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                                     RUSSIA IN 1919 



which could have only one result�察�the weakening of Soviet Russia in the 

face   of   its   many   enemies。 Therefore   Vsegda   Vpered   would   be   closed 

until the Mensheviks should show in deed that they were ready to stand to 

the   defence    and   support   of  the  revolution。    At   the  same    time�察 �the 

Committee reminded the Mensheviks that a continuation of their counter´ 

revolutionary work would force the Soviet Government ;to expel them to 

the territories of Kolchak's democracy。; This conclusion was greeted with 

laughter and applause�察�and with that the meeting ended。 


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                                         RUSSIA IN 1919 



        COMMISSARIAT OF LABOUR 



     February 28th。 

       This   morning   I   went   round   to   the   Commissariat   of   Labour�察  �to   see 

Schmidt�察  �the   Commissar。        Schmidt   is   a   clean´shaven�察  �intelligent   young 

man�察�whose attention to business methods is reflected in his Commissariat�察�

which�察  �unlike   that   of   Foreign Affairs�察  �is   extremely   clean   and   very   well 

organized。      I told him I was particularly interested to hear what he could 

say in answer to the accusations made both by the Mensheviks and by the 

Extremists   on   the   Left   that   control   by   the   workers   has   become   a   dead 

letter�察�and that a time will come when the trades unions will move against 

the state organizations。 

       Schmidt   answered�此   �Those   accusations   and   suggestions   are   all   very 

well for agitational purposes�察�but the first to laugh at them would be the 

trades unions themselves。          This Commissariat�察�for example�察�which is the 

actual labour centre�察�is controlled directly by the unions。               As Commissar 

of   Labour�察  �I   was   elected   directly   by   the   General   Council   of   the   Trades 

Unions。      Of the College of nine members which controls the whole work 

of the Commissariat�察�five are elected   directly by the General Council   of 

the    Trades    Unions     and    four   appointed     by   the   Council     of   People's 

Commissaries�察�thus giving the Unions a decisive majority in all questions 

concerning   labour。       All   nine   are   confirmed   by   the   Council   of   People's 

Commissaries�察  �representing   the   state   as   a   whole�察  �and   the   Commissar   is 

confirmed by the All´Russian Executive Committee。; 

       Of   course   control   by   the   workers�察  �as   it   was   first   introduced�察  �led 

speedily     to  many     absurdities    and�察  �much     to  the  dissatisfaction     of  the 

extremer elements�察�has been considerably modified。                   It was realized that 

the workers in any particular factory might by considering only their own 

interests    harm    the   community       as  a  whole�察   �and    so�察 �in  the   long   run�察�

themselves。       The manner of its modification is an interesting example of 

the way in which�察�without the influence of tanks�察�aeroplanes or bayonets�察�

the   cruder    ideas   of   communism       are   being    modified    by   life。  It   was 

reasoned   that   since   the   factory   was   the   property�察  �not   of   the   particular 


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                                          RUSSIA IN 1919 



workmen        who     work    in   it�察 �but   of  the   community        as   a  whole�察    �the 

community         as   a   whole     should     have     a   considerable      voice     in   its 

management。         And the effect of that reasoning has been to ensure that the 

technical   specialist   and   the   expert   works   manager   are   no   longer   at   the 

caprice   of   a   hastily   called   gathering   of   the   workmen   who   may�察  �without 

understanding them�察 �happen to disapprove   of   some of   their dispositions。 

Thus     the   economical�察     �administrative      council    of  a   nationalized     factory 

consists      of    representatives       of    the    workmen        and     clerical     staff�察�

representatives of the higher technical and commercial staffs�察�the directors 

of   the   factory   ��who   are   appointed   by   the   Central   Direction   of   National 

Factories���察     �representatives      of  the   local   council     of  trades    unions�察   �the 

Council of Public Economy�察�the local soviet�察�and the industrial union of 

the    particular     industry    carried     on   in   the   factory�察   �together     with�察  �a 

representative of the workers' co´operative society and a representative of 

the peasants' soviet of the district in which the factory is situated。                  In this 

council not more than half of the members may be representatives of the 

workmen   and   clerical   staff   of   the   factory。      This   council   considers   the 

internal order of the factory�察�complaints of any kind�察�and the material and 

moral     conditions      of  work     and   so   on。    On    questions     of   a  technical 

character it has no right to do more than give advice。 

       The night before I saw Schmidt�察�little Finberg had come to my room 

for a game of chess in a very perturbed state of mind�察�having just come 

from a   meeting of   the union to   which   he   belonged   ��the union of   clerks�察�

shop assistants and civil servants�� where there had been a majority against 

the   Bolsheviks   after   some   fierce   criticism   over   this   particular   question。 

Finberg had said that the ground basis of the discontent had been the lack 

of   food�察  �but   that   the   outspoken   criticism   had   taken   the   form�察  �first�察  �of 

protests against the offer of concessions in Chicherin's Note of February 

4th�察   �on    the   ground     that   concessions      meant     concessions       to   foreign 

capitalism and the formation in Russia of capitalist centres which would 

eventually spread�察�and second�察�that the Communists themselves�察�by their 

modifications       of   Workers'     Control�察   �were    introducing      State   Capitalism 

instead of Socialism。 

       I   mentioned   this   union   to   Schmidt�察  �and   asked   him   to   explain   its 


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