russia in 1919(1919議躯忽)-及25准
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
resolution was passed without enthusiasm but without opposition。
There followed the reading by Avanesov of the decree concerning the
Menshevik paper Vsegda Vpered �─�Forever Forward�察─ �but usually
described by critics of the Mensheviks as ;Forever Backward;��。 The
resolution pointed out that in spite of the Mensheviks having agreed on the
need of supporting the Soviet Government they were actually carrying on
an agitation�察�the effect of which could only be to weaken the army。 An
example was given of an article�察 �Stop the Civil War�察─�in which they had
pointed out that the war was costing a great deal�察 �and that much of the
food supplies went to the army。 On these grounds they had demanded
the cessation of the civil war。 The Committee pointed out that the
Mensheviks were making demagogic use of the difficulties of the food
supply�察 �due in part to the long isolation from the Ukraine�察 �the Volga
district and Siberia�察�for which those Mensheviks who had worked with the
White Guard were themselves partly responsible。 They pointed out that
Russia was a camp besieged from all sides�察�that Kolchak had seized the
important centre of Perm�察�that Petrograd was threatened from Finland�察�that
in the streets of Rostov and Novo Tcherkassk gallows with the bodies of
workmen were still standing�察�that Denikin was making a destructive raid
in the northern Caucasus�察�that the Polish legionaries were working for the
seizure of Vilna and the suppression of Lithuania and the White Russian
proletariat�察 �and that in the ports of the Black Sea the least civilized
colonial troops of the Entente were supporting the White Guards。 They
pointed out that the Soviet Government had offered concessions in order
to buy off the imperialistic countries and had received no reply。 Taking
all this into consideration the demand to end civil war amounted to a
demand for the disarming of the working class and the poor peasantry in
the face of bandits and executioners advancing from all sides。 In a word�察�
it was the worst form of state crime�察�namely�察�treason to a state of workers
and peasants。 The Committee considered useful every kind of practical
criticism of the work of the Soviet Government in all departments�察�but it
could not allow that in the rear of the Red Army of workers and peasants�察�
under that army's protection�察�should be carried on unrestrained an agitation
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which could have only one result�察�the weakening of Soviet Russia in the
face of its many enemies。 Therefore Vsegda Vpered would be closed
until the Mensheviks should show in deed that they were ready to stand to
the defence and support of the revolution。 At the same time�察 �the
Committee reminded the Mensheviks that a continuation of their counter´
revolutionary work would force the Soviet Government ;to expel them to
the territories of Kolchak's democracy。; This conclusion was greeted with
laughter and applause�察�and with that the meeting ended。
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COMMISSARIAT OF LABOUR
February 28th。
This morning I went round to the Commissariat of Labour�察 �to see
Schmidt�察 �the Commissar。 Schmidt is a clean´shaven�察 �intelligent young
man�察�whose attention to business methods is reflected in his Commissariat�察�
which�察 �unlike that of Foreign Affairs�察 �is extremely clean and very well
organized。 I told him I was particularly interested to hear what he could
say in answer to the accusations made both by the Mensheviks and by the
Extremists on the Left that control by the workers has become a dead
letter�察�and that a time will come when the trades unions will move against
the state organizations。
Schmidt answered�此 �Those accusations and suggestions are all very
well for agitational purposes�察�but the first to laugh at them would be the
trades unions themselves。 This Commissariat�察�for example�察�which is the
actual labour centre�察�is controlled directly by the unions。 As Commissar
of Labour�察 �I was elected directly by the General Council of the Trades
Unions。 Of the College of nine members which controls the whole work
of the Commissariat�察�five are elected directly by the General Council of
the Trades Unions and four appointed by the Council of People's
Commissaries�察�thus giving the Unions a decisive majority in all questions
concerning labour。 All nine are confirmed by the Council of People's
Commissaries�察 �representing the state as a whole�察 �and the Commissar is
confirmed by the All´Russian Executive Committee。;
Of course control by the workers�察 �as it was first introduced�察 �led
speedily to many absurdities and�察 �much to the dissatisfaction of the
extremer elements�察�has been considerably modified。 It was realized that
the workers in any particular factory might by considering only their own
interests harm the community as a whole�察 �and so�察 �in the long run�察�
themselves。 The manner of its modification is an interesting example of
the way in which�察�without the influence of tanks�察�aeroplanes or bayonets�察�
the cruder ideas of communism are being modified by life。 It was
reasoned that since the factory was the property�察 �not of the particular
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workmen who work in it�察 �but of the community as a whole�察 �the
community as a whole should have a considerable voice in its
management。 And the effect of that reasoning has been to ensure that the
technical specialist and the expert works manager are no longer at the
caprice of a hastily called gathering of the workmen who may�察 �without
understanding them�察 �happen to disapprove of some of their dispositions。
Thus the economical�察 �administrative council of a nationalized factory
consists of representatives of the workmen and clerical staff�察�
representatives of the higher technical and commercial staffs�察�the directors
of the factory ��who are appointed by the Central Direction of National
Factories���察 �representatives of the local council of trades unions�察 �the
Council of Public Economy�察�the local soviet�察�and the industrial union of
the particular industry carried on in the factory�察 �together with�察 �a
representative of the workers' co´operative society and a representative of
the peasants' soviet of the district in which the factory is situated。 In this
council not more than half of the members may be representatives of the
workmen and clerical staff of the factory。 This council considers the
internal order of the factory�察�complaints of any kind�察�and the material and
moral conditions of work and so on。 On questions of a technical
character it has no right to do more than give advice。
The night before I saw Schmidt�察�little Finberg had come to my room
for a game of chess in a very perturbed state of mind�察�having just come
from a meeting of the union to which he belonged ��the union of clerks�察�
shop assistants and civil servants�� where there had been a majority against
the Bolsheviks after some fierce criticism over this particular question。
Finberg had said that the ground basis of the discontent had been the lack
of food�察 �but that the outspoken criticism had taken the form�察 �first�察 �of
protests against the offer of concessions in Chicherin's Note of February
4th�察 �on the ground that concessions meant concessions to foreign
capitalism and the formation in Russia of capitalist centres which would
eventually spread�察�and second�察�that the Communists themselves�察�by their
modifications of Workers' Control�察 �were introducing State Capitalism
instead of Socialism。
I mentioned this union to Schmidt�察 �and asked him to explain its
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