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the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及16准

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     Consider that word�察 �picturesque。;             It�察�and the notion of art which it 

expresses�察  �are   the   children   of   the   Ancien   Regimeof   the   era   of   decay。 



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The healthy�察�vigorous�察�earnest�察�progressive Middle Age never dreamed of 

admiring�察  �much   less   of   painting�察  �for   their   own   sake�察  �rags   and   ruins�察  �the 

fashion   sprang   up   at   the   end   of   the   seventeenth   century�察  �it   lingered   on 

during   the   first   quarter   of   our   century�察  �kept   alive   by   the   reaction   from 

1815´25。       It  is  all  but   dead   now�察   �before    the  return   of  vigorous     and 

progressive thought。         An admirer of the Middle Ages now does not build 

a sham ruin in his grounds�察�he restores a church�察�blazing with colour�察�like 

a medieval illumination。          He has learnt to look on that which went by the 

name of picturesque in his great´grandfather's time�察�as an old Greek or a 

Middle Age monk would have doneas something squalid�察�ugly�察�a sign of 

neglect�察   �disease�察   �death�察  �and   therefore    to  be  hated    and   abolished�察   �if  it 

cannot   be   restored。     At   Carcassone�察  �now�察  �M。   Viollet´le´Duc�察  �under   the 

auspices of the Emperor of the French�察�is spending his vast learning�察�and 

much money�察�simply in abolishing the picturesque�察�in restoring stone for 

stone�察�each member of that wonderful museum of Middle Age architecture�此�

Roman�察�Visigothic�察�Moslem�察�Romaine�察�Early English�察�later French�察�all is 

being   reproduced   exactly   as   it   must   have   existed   centuries   since。      No 

doubt that is not the highest function of art�此           �but it is a preparation for the 

highest�察�a step toward some future creative school。                 As the early Italian 

artists�察  �by   careful   imitation�察  �absorbed   into   their   minds   the   beauty   and 

meaning of old Greek and Roman art�察�so must the artists of our days by 

the art of the Middle Age and the Renaissance。                They must learn to copy�察�

before they can learn to surpass�察�and�察�meanwhile�察�they must learnindeed 

they   have   learntthat   decay   is   ugliness�察  �and   the   imitation   of   decay�察  �a 

making money out of the public shame。 

     The picturesque sprang up�察�as far as I can discover�察�suddenly�察�during 

the time of exhaustion and recklessness which followed the great struggles 

of   the   sixteenth   century。    Salvator   Rosa   and   Callot�察  �two   of   the   earliest 

professors      of  picturesque     art�察 �have   never    been   since    surpassed。     For 

indeed�察�they drew from life。           The rags and the ruins�察�material�察�and alas� �

spiritual�察�were all around them�察�the lands and the creeds alike lay waste。 

There was ruffianism  and misery  among the masses   of Europe�察 �unbelief 

and artificiality among the upper classes�察�churches and monasteries defiled�察�

cities sacked�察�farmsteads plundered and ruinate�察�and all the wretchedness 



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which Callot has immortalisedfor a warning to evil rulersin his Miseres 

de la Guerre。       The world was all gone wrong�此             �but as for setting it right 

againwho could do that�拭           �And so men fell into a sentimental regret for 

the past�察  �and   its beauties�察  �all   exaggerated   by  the   foreshortening   of   time�察�

while they wanted strength or faith to reproduce it。                 At last they became 

so   accustomed   to   the   rags   and   ruins�察  �that   they   looked   on   them   as   the 

normal condition of humanity�察�as the normal field for painters。 

     Only     now    and   then�察  �and    especially    toward    the   latter  half   of  the 

eighteenth   century�察  �when   thought   began   to   revive�察  �and   men   dreamed   of 

putting the world to rights once more�察�there rose before them glimpses of 

an    Arcadian     ideal。   Country      lifethe   primaeval     calling    of  menhow 

graceful   and   pure   it   might   be�   �How   gracefulif   not   pureit   once   had 

been�     �The boors of Teniers and the beggars of Murillo might be true to 

present fact�察�but there was a fairer ideal�察�which once had been fact�察�in the 

Eclogues   of   Theocritus�察  �and   the   Loves   of   Daphnis   and   Chloe。       And   so 

men took to dreaming of shepherds and shepherdesses�察�and painting them 

on    canvas�察   �and   modelling      them   in   china�察  �according     to  their   cockney 

notions of what they had been once�察�and always ought to be。                       We smile 

now at   Sevres and   Dresden shepherdesses�察  �but the   wise man   will   surely 

see in them a certain pathos。            They indicated a craving after something 

better than boorishness�察�and the many men and women may have become 

the   gentler   and   purer   by   looking   even   at   them�察  �and   have   said   sadly   to 

themselves�此       �Such might have been the peasantry of half Europe�察�had it 

not   been   for   devastations   of   the   Palatinate�察  �wars   of   succession�察  �and   the 

wicked wills of emperors and kings。; 



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     LECTURE IIITHE EXPLOSIVE 

                                 FORCES 



     In a former lecture in this Institution�察�I said that the human race owed 

more to the eighteenth century than to any century since the Christian era。 

It may seem a bold assertion to those who value duly the century which 

followed the revival of Greek literature�察�and consider that the eighteenth 

century   was    but   the  child�察 �or  rather  grandchild�察   �thereof。   But    I  must 

persist   in   my   opinion�察  �even   though   it   seem   to   be   inconsistent   with   my 

description of the very same era as one of decay and death。               For side by 

side with the death�察�there was manifold fresh birth�察�side by side with the 

decay there was active growth��side by side with them�察�fostered by them�察�

though     generally   in  strong   opposition    to  them�察  �whether    conscious    or 

unconscious。      We must beware�察�however�察�of trying to find between that 

decay   and   that   growth   a   bond   of   cause   and   effect   where   there   is   really 

none。    The general decay may have determined the course of many men's 

thoughts�察�but it no more set them thinking than ��as I have heard said�� the 

decay of the Ancien Regime produced the new Regimea loose metaphor�察�

which�察�like all metaphors�察�will not hold water�察�and must not be taken for a 

philosophic   truth。     That   would   be   to   confess   manwhat   I   shall   never 

confess him to bethe creature of circumstances�察�it would be to fall into 

the same fallacy of spontaneous generation as did the ancients�察�when they 

believed that bees were bred from the carcass of a dead ox。                In the first 

place�察�the bees were no bees�察�but fliesunless when some true swarm of 

honey   bees   may   have   taken   up   their   abode   within   the   empty   ribs�察  �as 

Samson's bees did in that of the lion。         But bees or flies�察�each sprang from 

an egg�察�independent of the carcass�察�having a vitality of its own�此               �it was 

fostered by the carcass it fed on during development�察�but bred from it it 

was   not�察  �any   more   than   Marat   was   bred   from   the   decay   of   the   Ancien 

Regime。       There     are  flies  which�察   �by   feeding    on   putridity�察  �become 

poisonous themselves�察�as did Marat�此�but even they owe their vitality and 



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organisation to something higher than that on which they feed�察�and each of 

them�察�however�察�defaced and debased�察�was at first a ;thought of God。;                     All 

true manhood consists in the defiance of circumstances�察�and if any man be 

the   creature   of   circumstances�察  �it   is   because   he   has   become   so�察  �like   the 

drunkard�察�because he has ceased to be a man�察�and sunk downward toward 

the brute。 

     Accordingly  we  shall   find�察 �throughout   the  18th   century�察  �a  stirring   of 

thought�察    �an    originality�察  �a   resistance    to   circumstances�察     �an   indignant 

defiance      of  circumstances�察      �which    would     have    been    impossible�察    �had 

circumstances   been        the   true   lords   and   shapers   of   mankind。    Had   that 

latter been the case�察�the downward progress of the Ancien Regime would 

have been irremediable。          Each generation�察�conformed more and more to 

the element in which it lived�察�would have sunk deeper in dull acquiescence 

to evil�察�in ignorance of all cravings 

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