the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及16准
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
Consider that word�察 �picturesque。; It�察�and the notion of art which it
expresses�察 �are the children of the Ancien Regimeof the era of decay。
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The healthy�察�vigorous�察�earnest�察�progressive Middle Age never dreamed of
admiring�察 �much less of painting�察 �for their own sake�察 �rags and ruins�察 �the
fashion sprang up at the end of the seventeenth century�察 �it lingered on
during the first quarter of our century�察 �kept alive by the reaction from
1815´25。 It is all but dead now�察 �before the return of vigorous and
progressive thought。 An admirer of the Middle Ages now does not build
a sham ruin in his grounds�察�he restores a church�察�blazing with colour�察�like
a medieval illumination。 He has learnt to look on that which went by the
name of picturesque in his great´grandfather's time�察�as an old Greek or a
Middle Age monk would have doneas something squalid�察�ugly�察�a sign of
neglect�察 �disease�察 �death�察 �and therefore to be hated and abolished�察 �if it
cannot be restored。 At Carcassone�察 �now�察 �M。 Viollet´le´Duc�察 �under the
auspices of the Emperor of the French�察�is spending his vast learning�察�and
much money�察�simply in abolishing the picturesque�察�in restoring stone for
stone�察�each member of that wonderful museum of Middle Age architecture�此�
Roman�察�Visigothic�察�Moslem�察�Romaine�察�Early English�察�later French�察�all is
being reproduced exactly as it must have existed centuries since。 No
doubt that is not the highest function of art�此 �but it is a preparation for the
highest�察�a step toward some future creative school。 As the early Italian
artists�察 �by careful imitation�察 �absorbed into their minds the beauty and
meaning of old Greek and Roman art�察�so must the artists of our days by
the art of the Middle Age and the Renaissance。 They must learn to copy�察�
before they can learn to surpass�察�and�察�meanwhile�察�they must learnindeed
they have learntthat decay is ugliness�察 �and the imitation of decay�察 �a
making money out of the public shame。
The picturesque sprang up�察�as far as I can discover�察�suddenly�察�during
the time of exhaustion and recklessness which followed the great struggles
of the sixteenth century。 Salvator Rosa and Callot�察 �two of the earliest
professors of picturesque art�察 �have never been since surpassed。 For
indeed�察�they drew from life。 The rags and the ruins�察�material�察�and alas� �
spiritual�察�were all around them�察�the lands and the creeds alike lay waste。
There was ruffianism and misery among the masses of Europe�察 �unbelief
and artificiality among the upper classes�察�churches and monasteries defiled�察�
cities sacked�察�farmsteads plundered and ruinate�察�and all the wretchedness
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which Callot has immortalisedfor a warning to evil rulersin his Miseres
de la Guerre。 The world was all gone wrong�此 �but as for setting it right
againwho could do that�拭 �And so men fell into a sentimental regret for
the past�察 �and its beauties�察 �all exaggerated by the foreshortening of time�察�
while they wanted strength or faith to reproduce it。 At last they became
so accustomed to the rags and ruins�察 �that they looked on them as the
normal condition of humanity�察�as the normal field for painters。
Only now and then�察 �and especially toward the latter half of the
eighteenth century�察 �when thought began to revive�察 �and men dreamed of
putting the world to rights once more�察�there rose before them glimpses of
an Arcadian ideal。 Country lifethe primaeval calling of menhow
graceful and pure it might be� �How gracefulif not pureit once had
been� �The boors of Teniers and the beggars of Murillo might be true to
present fact�察�but there was a fairer ideal�察�which once had been fact�察�in the
Eclogues of Theocritus�察 �and the Loves of Daphnis and Chloe。 And so
men took to dreaming of shepherds and shepherdesses�察�and painting them
on canvas�察 �and modelling them in china�察 �according to their cockney
notions of what they had been once�察�and always ought to be。 We smile
now at Sevres and Dresden shepherdesses�察 �but the wise man will surely
see in them a certain pathos。 They indicated a craving after something
better than boorishness�察�and the many men and women may have become
the gentler and purer by looking even at them�察 �and have said sadly to
themselves�此 �Such might have been the peasantry of half Europe�察�had it
not been for devastations of the Palatinate�察 �wars of succession�察 �and the
wicked wills of emperors and kings。;
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LECTURE IIITHE EXPLOSIVE
FORCES
In a former lecture in this Institution�察�I said that the human race owed
more to the eighteenth century than to any century since the Christian era。
It may seem a bold assertion to those who value duly the century which
followed the revival of Greek literature�察�and consider that the eighteenth
century was but the child�察 �or rather grandchild�察 �thereof。 But I must
persist in my opinion�察 �even though it seem to be inconsistent with my
description of the very same era as one of decay and death。 For side by
side with the death�察�there was manifold fresh birth�察�side by side with the
decay there was active growth��side by side with them�察�fostered by them�察�
though generally in strong opposition to them�察 �whether conscious or
unconscious。 We must beware�察�however�察�of trying to find between that
decay and that growth a bond of cause and effect where there is really
none。 The general decay may have determined the course of many men's
thoughts�察�but it no more set them thinking than ��as I have heard said�� the
decay of the Ancien Regime produced the new Regimea loose metaphor�察�
which�察�like all metaphors�察�will not hold water�察�and must not be taken for a
philosophic truth。 That would be to confess manwhat I shall never
confess him to bethe creature of circumstances�察�it would be to fall into
the same fallacy of spontaneous generation as did the ancients�察�when they
believed that bees were bred from the carcass of a dead ox。 In the first
place�察�the bees were no bees�察�but fliesunless when some true swarm of
honey bees may have taken up their abode within the empty ribs�察 �as
Samson's bees did in that of the lion。 But bees or flies�察�each sprang from
an egg�察�independent of the carcass�察�having a vitality of its own�此 �it was
fostered by the carcass it fed on during development�察�but bred from it it
was not�察 �any more than Marat was bred from the decay of the Ancien
Regime。 There are flies which�察 �by feeding on putridity�察 �become
poisonous themselves�察�as did Marat�此�but even they owe their vitality and
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organisation to something higher than that on which they feed�察�and each of
them�察�however�察�defaced and debased�察�was at first a ;thought of God。; All
true manhood consists in the defiance of circumstances�察�and if any man be
the creature of circumstances�察 �it is because he has become so�察 �like the
drunkard�察�because he has ceased to be a man�察�and sunk downward toward
the brute。
Accordingly we shall find�察 �throughout the 18th century�察 �a stirring of
thought�察 �an originality�察 �a resistance to circumstances�察 �an indignant
defiance of circumstances�察 �which would have been impossible�察 �had
circumstances been the true lords and shapers of mankind。 Had that
latter been the case�察�the downward progress of the Ancien Regime would
have been irremediable。 Each generation�察�conformed more and more to
the element in which it lived�察�would have sunk deeper in dull acquiescence
to evil�察�in ignorance of all cravings