the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及17准
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
the element in which it lived�察�would have sunk deeper in dull acquiescence
to evil�察�in ignorance of all cravings save those of the senses�察�and if at any
time intolerable wrong or want had driven it to revolt�察�it would have issued�察�
not in the proclamation of new and vast ideas�察�but in an anarchic struggle
for revenge and bread。
There are races�察�alas� �which seem�察�for the present at least�察�mastered by
circumstances。 Some�察 �like the Chinese�察 �have sunk back into that state�察�
some�察�like the negro in Africa�察�seem not yet to have emerged from it�察�but
in Europe�察 �during the eighteenth century�察 �were working not merely new
forces and vitalities ��abstractions which mislead rather than explain���察�but
living persons in plenty�察�men and women�察�with independent and original
hearts and brains�察�instinct�察�in spite of all circumstances�察�with power which
we shall most wisely ascribe directly to Him who is the Lord and Giver of
Life。
Such persons seemedI only say seemedmost numerous in England
and in Germany。 But there were enough of them in France to change the
destiny of that great nation for awhileperhaps for ever。
M。 de Tocqueville has a whole chapter�察 �and a very remarkable one�察�
which appears at first sight to militate against my beliefa chapter
;showing that France was the country in which men had become most
alike。;
;The men�察─ �he says�察 �of that time�察 �especially those belonging to the
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upper and middle ranks of society�察 �who alone were at all conspicuous�察�
were all exactly alike。;
And it must be allowed�察�that if this were true of the upper and middle
classes�察 �it must have been still more true of the mass of the lowest
population�察�who�察�being most animal�察�are always most moulded or rather
crushedby their own circumstances�察�by public opinion�察�and by the wants
of five senses�察�common to all alike。
But when M。 de Tocqueville attributes this curious fact to the
circumstances of their political stateto that ;government of one man
which in the end has the inevitable effect of rendering all men alike�察�and
all mutually indifferent to their common fate;we must differ�察�even from
him�此 �for facts prove the impotence of that�察�or of any other circumstance�察�
in altering the hearts and souls of men�察�in producing in them anything but
a mere superficial and temporary resemblance。
For all the while there was�察�among these very French�察�here and there a
variety of character and purpose�察 �sufficient to burst through that very
despotism�察�and to develop the nation into manifold�察�new�察�and quite original
shapes。 Thus it was proved that the uniformity had been only in their
outside crust and shell。 What tore the nation to pieces during the Reign
of Terror�察�but the boundless variety and originality of the characters which
found themselves suddenly in free rivalry�拭 �What else gave to the
undisciplined levies�察�the bankrupt governments�察�the parvenu heroes of the
Republic�察�a manifold force�察�a self´dependent audacity�察�which made them
the conquerors�察�and the teachers ��for good and evil�� of the civilised world�拭�
If there was one doctrine which the French Revolution specially
proclaimedwhich it caricatured till it brought it into temporary disrepute´
´it was this�此 �that no man is like another�察 �that in each is a God´given
;individuality�察─�an independent soul�察�which no government or man has a
right to crush�察�or can crush in the long run�此 �but which ought to have�察�and
must have�察�a ;carriere ouverte aux talents�察─�freely to do the best for itself
in the battle of life。 The French Revolution�察�more than any event since
twelve poor men set forth to convert the world some eighteen hundred
years ago�察�proves that man ought not to be�察�and need not be�察�the creature
of circumstances�察�the puppet of institutions�察�but�察�if he will�察�their conqueror
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and their lord。
Of these original spirits who helped to bring life out of death�察�and the
modern world out of the decay of the mediaeval world�察 �the French
PHILOSOPHES and encyclopaedists are�察 �of course�察 �the most notorious。
They confessed�察�for the most part�察�that their original inspiration had come
from England。 They were�察 �or considered themselves�察 �the disciples of
Locke�察�whose philosophy�察�it seems to me�察�their own acts disproved。
And first�察 �a few words on these same philosophes。 One may be
thoroughly aware of their deficiencies�察 �of their sins�察 �moral as well as
intellectual�察 �and yet one may demand that everyone should judge them
fairlywhich can only be done by putting himself in their place�察�and any
fair judgment of them will�察�I think�察�lead to the conclusion that they were
not mere destroyers�察�inflamed with hate of everything which mankind had
as yet held sacred。 Whatever sacred things they despised�察 �one sacred
thing they reverenced�察�which men had forgotten more and more since the
seventeenth centurycommon justice and common humanity。 It was this�察�
I believe�察 �which gave them their moral force。 It was this which drew
towards them the hearts�察�not merely of educated bourgeois and nobles ��on
the menu peuple they had no influence�察�and did not care to have any���察�but
of every continental sovereign who felt in himself higher aspirations than
those of a mere selfish tyrantFrederick the Great�察�Christina of Sweden�察�
Joseph of Austria�察�and even that fallen Juno�察�Catharine of Russia�察�with all
her sins。 To take the most extreme instance Voltaire。 We may
question his being a philosopher at all。 We may deny that he had even a
tincture of formal philosophy。 We may doubt much whether he had any
of that human and humorous common sense�察 �which is often a good
substitute for the philosophy of the schools。 We may feel against him a
just and honest indignation when we remember that he dared to travestie
into a foul satire the tale of his country's purest and noblest heroine�察�but
we must recollect�察 �at the same time�察 �that he did a public service to the
morality of his own country�察�and of all Europe�察�by his indignationquite as
just and honest as any which we may feelat the legal murder of Calas。
We must recollect that�察 �if he exposes baseness and foulness with too
cynical a license of speech ��in which�察�indeed�察�he sinned no more than had
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the average of French writers since the days of Montaigne���察 �he at least
never advocates them�察�as did Le Sage。 We must recollect that�察�scattered
throughout his writings�察�are words in favour of that which is just�察�merciful�察�
magnanimous�察�and even�察�at times�察�in favour of that which is pure�察�which
proves that in Voltaire�察�as in most men�察�there was a double selfthe one
sickened to cynicism by the iniquity and folly which he saw around him
the other�察�hungering after a nobler life�察�and possibly exciting that hunger
in one and another�察 �here and there�察 �who admired him for other reasons
than the educated mob�察�which cried after him ;Vive la Pucelle。;
Rousseau�察 �too。 Easy it is to feel disgust�察 �contempt�察 �for the
;Confessions; and the ;Nouvelle Heloise;for much�察 �too much�察 �in the
man's own life and character。 One would think the worse of the young
Englishman who did not so feel�察 �and express his feelings roundly and
roughly。 But all young Englishmen should recollect�察�that to Rousseau's
;Emile; they owe their deliverance from the useless pedantries�察 �the
degrading brutalities�察 �of the medieval system of school education�察 �that
;Emile; awakened throughout civilised Europe a conception of education
just�察�humane�察�rational�察�truly scientific�察�because founded upon facts�察�that if
it had not been written by one writhing under the bitter consequences of
mis´ education�察�and feeling their sting and