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the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及17准

弌傍�� the ancien regime(硬汚妖) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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the element in which it lived�察�would have sunk deeper in dull acquiescence 

to evil�察�in ignorance of all cravings save those of the senses�察�and if at any 

time intolerable wrong or want had driven it to revolt�察�it would have issued�察�

not in the proclamation of new and vast ideas�察�but in an anarchic struggle 

for revenge and bread。 

     There are races�察�alas� �which seem�察�for the present at least�察�mastered by 

circumstances。        Some�察  �like   the   Chinese�察  �have   sunk   back   into   that   state�察�

some�察�like the negro in Africa�察�seem not yet to have emerged from it�察�but 

in   Europe�察  �during   the   eighteenth   century�察  �were   working   not   merely   new 

forces and vitalities ��abstractions which mislead rather than explain���察�but 

living persons in plenty�察�men and women�察�with independent and original 

hearts and brains�察�instinct�察�in spite of all circumstances�察�with power which 

we shall most wisely ascribe directly to Him who is the Lord and Giver of 

Life。 

     Such persons seemedI only say seemedmost numerous in England 

and in Germany。         But there were enough of them in France to change the 

destiny of that great nation for awhileperhaps for ever。 

     M。   de   Tocqueville   has   a   whole   chapter�察  �and   a   very   remarkable   one�察�

which     appears     at  first  sight   to  militate   against    my    beliefa   chapter 

;showing   that   France   was   the   country   in   which   men   had   become   most 

alike。; 

     ;The   men�察─  �he   says�察   �of   that   time�察  �especially   those   belonging   to   the 



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upper   and   middle   ranks   of   society�察  �who   alone   were   at   all   conspicuous�察�

were all exactly alike。; 

     And it must be allowed�察�that if this were true of the upper and middle 

classes�察   �it  must   have    been   still  more   true   of  the  mass    of  the   lowest 

population�察�who�察�being most animal�察�are always most moulded or rather 

crushedby their own circumstances�察�by public opinion�察�and by the wants 

of five senses�察�common to all alike。 

     But    when     M。   de   Tocqueville      attributes   this   curious    fact   to  the 

circumstances   of   their   political   stateto   that   ;government   of   one   man 

which in the end has the inevitable effect of rendering all men alike�察�and 

all mutually indifferent to their common fate;we must differ�察�even from 

him�此    �for facts prove the impotence of that�察�or of any other circumstance�察�

in altering the hearts and souls of men�察�in producing in them anything but 

a mere superficial and temporary resemblance。 

     For all the while there was�察�among these very French�察�here and there a 

variety   of   character   and   purpose�察  �sufficient   to   burst   through   that   very 

despotism�察�and to develop the nation into manifold�察�new�察�and quite original 

shapes。      Thus   it   was   proved   that   the   uniformity   had   been   only   in   their 

outside crust and shell。        What tore the nation to pieces during the Reign 

of Terror�察�but the boundless variety and originality of the characters which 

found     themselves      suddenly     in  free   rivalry�拭   �What      else  gave    to  the 

undisciplined levies�察�the bankrupt governments�察�the parvenu heroes of the 

Republic�察�a manifold force�察�a self´dependent audacity�察�which made them 

the conquerors�察�and the teachers ��for good and evil�� of the civilised world�拭�

If   there    was    one    doctrine    which     the   French     Revolution      specially 

proclaimedwhich it caricatured till it brought it into temporary disrepute´ 

´it   was   this�此 �that   no   man   is   like   another�察  �that   in   each   is   a   God´given 

;individuality�察─�an independent soul�察�which no government or man has a 

right to crush�察�or can crush in the long run�此           �but which ought to have�察�and 

must have�察�a ;carriere ouverte aux talents�察─�freely to do the best for itself 

in the battle of life。      The French Revolution�察�more than any event since 

twelve   poor   men   set   forth   to   convert   the   world   some   eighteen   hundred 

years ago�察�proves that man ought not to be�察�and need not be�察�the creature 

of circumstances�察�the puppet of institutions�察�but�察�if he will�察�their conqueror 



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and their lord。 

     Of these original spirits who helped to bring life out of death�察�and the 

modern       world    out  of   the  decay    of   the  mediaeval      world�察   �the  French 

PHILOSOPHES   and   encyclopaedists   are�察  �of   course�察  �the   most   notorious。 

They confessed�察�for the most part�察�that their original inspiration had come 

from   England。        They   were�察  �or   considered   themselves�察  �the   disciples   of 

Locke�察�whose philosophy�察�it seems to me�察�their own acts disproved。 

     And     first�察 �a   few  words   on   these   same    philosophes。      One   may   be 

thoroughly   aware   of   their   deficiencies�察  �of   their   sins�察  �moral   as   well   as 

intellectual�察  �and   yet   one   may   demand   that   everyone   should   judge   them 

fairlywhich can only be done by putting himself in their place�察�and any 

fair judgment of them will�察�I think�察�lead to the conclusion that they were 

not mere destroyers�察�inflamed with hate of everything which mankind had 

as   yet   held   sacred。    Whatever   sacred   things   they   despised�察  �one   sacred 

thing they reverenced�察�which men had forgotten more and more since the 

seventeenth centurycommon justice and common humanity。                        It was this�察�

I   believe�察  �which   gave   them   their   moral   force。    It   was   this   which   drew 

towards them the hearts�察�not merely of educated bourgeois and nobles ��on 

the menu peuple they had no influence�察�and did not care to have any���察�but 

of every continental sovereign who felt in himself higher aspirations than 

those of a mere selfish tyrantFrederick the Great�察�Christina of Sweden�察�

Joseph of Austria�察�and even that fallen Juno�察�Catharine of Russia�察�with all 

her    sins。    To    take   the   most    extreme     instance    Voltaire。    We     may 

question his being a philosopher at all。            We may deny that he had even a 

tincture of formal philosophy。           We may doubt much whether he had any 

of    that  human     and   humorous       common      sense�察  �which     is  often   a  good 

substitute   for   the   philosophy  of   the   schools。 We   may  feel   against   him   a 

just and honest indignation when we remember that he dared to travestie 

into a foul satire the tale of his country's purest and noblest heroine�察�but 

we   must   recollect�察  �at   the   same   time�察  �that   he   did   a   public   service   to   the 

morality of his own country�察�and of all Europe�察�by his indignationquite as 

just and honest as any which we may feelat the legal murder of Calas。 

We     must   recollect   that�察  �if   he   exposes   baseness   and   foulness   with   too 

cynical a license of speech ��in which�察�indeed�察�he sinned no more than had 



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the   average   of   French   writers   since   the   days   of   Montaigne���察  �he   at   least 

never advocates them�察�as did Le Sage。              We must recollect that�察�scattered 

throughout his writings�察�are words in favour of that which is just�察�merciful�察�

magnanimous�察�and even�察�at times�察�in favour of that which is pure�察�which 

proves that in Voltaire�察�as in most men�察�there was a double selfthe one 

sickened to cynicism by the iniquity and folly which he saw around him 

the other�察�hungering after a nobler life�察�and possibly exciting that hunger 

in   one   and   another�察  �here   and   there�察  �who   admired   him   for   other   reasons 

than the educated mob�察�which cried after him ;Vive la Pucelle。; 

     Rousseau�察      �too。    Easy     it  is  to   feel  disgust�察   �contempt�察    �for   the 

;Confessions;   and   the   ;Nouvelle   Heloise;for   much�察  �too   much�察  �in   the 

man's own life and character。           One would think the worse of the young 

Englishman   who   did   not   so   feel�察  �and   express   his   feelings   roundly   and 

roughly。     But all young Englishmen should recollect�察�that to Rousseau's 

;Emile;      they   owe    their  deliverance     from    the   useless   pedantries�察   �the 

degrading   brutalities�察  �of   the   medieval   system   of   school   education�察  �that 

;Emile; awakened throughout civilised Europe a conception of education 

just�察�humane�察�rational�察�truly scientific�察�because founded upon facts�察�that if 

it had not been written by one writhing under the bitter consequences of 

mis´ education�察�and feeling their sting and

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