the ancien regime(古兵团)-第10节
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Ancien Regime made her。
He shows that the hatred of the ruling caste； the intense determination
to gain and keep equality； even at the expense of liberty； had been long
growing up； under those influences of which I spoke in my first lecture。
He shows； moreover； that the acquiescence in a centralised
administration； the expectation that the government should do everything
for the people； and nothing for themselves； the consequent loss of local
liberties； local peculiarities； the helplessness of the towns and the parishes：
and all which issued in making Paris France； and subjecting the whole of a
vast country to the arbitrary dictates of a knot of despots in the capital；
was not the fruit of the Revolution； but of the Ancien Regime which
preceded it； and that Robespierre and his 〃Comite de Salut Public；〃 and
commissioners sent forth to the four winds of heaven in bonnet rouge and
carmagnole complete； to build up and pull down； according to their
wicked will； were only handling； somewhat more roughly； the same wires
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which had been handled for several generations by the Comptroller…
General and Council of State； with their provincial intendants。
〃Do you know；〃 said Law to the Marquis d'Argenson； 〃that this
kingdom of France is governed by thirty intendants？ You have neither
parliament； nor estates； nor governors。 It is upon thirty masters of
request； despatched into the provinces； that their evil or their good； their
fertility or their sterility； entirely depend。〃
To do everything for the people； and let them do nothing for
themselvesthis was the Ancien Regime。 To be more wise and more
loving than Almighty God； who certainly does not do everything for the
sons of men； but forces them to labour for themselves by bitter need； and
after a most Spartan mode of education； who allows them to burn their
hands as often as they are foolish enough to put them into the fire； and to
be filled with the fruits of their own folly； even though the folly be one of
necessary ignorance； treating them with that seeming neglect which is
after all the most provident care； because by it alone can men be trained to
experience； self… help； science； true humanity； and so become not tolerably
harmless dolls； but men and women worthy of the name； with
The reason firm； the temperate will； Endurance； foresight； strength；
and skill； The perfect spirit； nobly planned To cheer； to counsel； and
command。
Such seems to be the education and government appointed for man
by the voluntatem Dei in rebus revelatum； and the education； therefore；
which the man of science will accept and carry out。 But the men of the
Ancien Regimein as far as it was a Regime at alltried to be wiser than
the Almighty。 Why not？ They were not the first； nor will be the last； by
many who have made the same attempt。 So this Council of State settled
arbitrarily； not only taxes； and militia； and roads； but anything and
everything。 Its members meddled； with their whole hearts and minds。
They tried to teach agriculture by schools and pamphlets and prizes； they
sent out plans for every public work。 A town could not establish an
octroi； levy a rate； mortgage； sell； sue； farm； or administer their property；
without an order in council。 The Government ordered public rejoicings；
saw to the firing of salutes； and illuminating of housesin one case
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mentioned by M。 de Tocqueville； they fined a member of the burgher
guard for absenting himself from a Te Deum。 All self…government was
gone。 A country parish was； says Turgot； nothing but 〃an assemblage of
cabins； and of inhabitants as passive as the cabins they dwelt in。〃
Without an order of council； the parish could not mend the steeple after a
storm； or repair the parsonage gable。 If they grumbled at the intendant；
he threw some of the chief persons into prison； and made the parish pay
the expenses of the horse patrol； which formed the arbitrary police of
France。 Everywhere was meddling。 There were reports on statistics
circumstantial； inaccurate； and uselessas statistics are too often wont to
be。 Sometimes； when the people were starving； the Government sent down
charitable donations to certain parishes； on condition that the inhabitants
should raise a sum on their part。 When the sum offered was sufficient；
the Comptroller…General wrote on the margin； when he returned the report
to the intendant； 〃Goodexpress satisfaction。〃 If it was more than
sufficient； he wrote； 〃Goodexpress satisfaction and sensibility。〃 There
is nothing new under the sun。 In 1761； the Government； jealous enough of
newspapers； determined to start one for itself； and for that purpose took
under its tutelage the Gazette de France。 So the public newsmongers
were of course to be the provincial intendants； and their sub…newsmongers；
of course； the sub…delegates。
But alas！ the poor sub…delegates seem to have found either very little
news； or very little which it was politic to publish。 One reports that a
smuggler of salt has been hung； and has displayed great courage； another
that a woman in his district has had three girls at a birth； another that a
dreadful storm has happened； but has done no mischief； a fourthliving
in some specially favoured Utopiadeclares that in spite of all his efforts
he has found nothing worth recording； but that he himself will subscribe to
so useful a journal； and will exhort all respectable persons to follow his
example： in spite of which loyal endeavours； the journal seems to have
proved a failure； to the great disgust of the king and his minister； who had
of course expected to secure fine weather by nailing； like the schoolboy
before a holiday； the hand of the weather…glass。
Well had it been； if the intermeddling of this bureaucracy had stopped
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there。 But； by a process of evocation （as it was called）； more and more
causes； criminal as well as civil； were withdrawn from the regular
tribunals； to those of the intendants and the Council。 Before the intendant
all the lower order of people were generally sent for trial。 Bread…riots
were a common cause of such trials； and M。 de Tocqueville asserts that he
has found sentences； delivered by the intendant； and a local council chosen
by himself； by which men were condemned to the galleys； and even to
death。 Under such a system； under which an intendant must have felt it
his interest to pretend at all risks； that all was going right； and to regard
any disturbance as a dangerous exposure of himself and his chiefsone
can understand easily enough that scene which Mr。 Carlyle has dramatised
from Lacretelle； concerning the canaille； the masses； as we used to call
them a generation since：
〃A dumb generationtheir voice only an inarticulate cry。 Spokesman；
in the king's council； in the world's forum； they have none that finds
credence。 At rare intervals （as now； in 1775） they will fling down their
hoes； and hammers； and； to the astonishment of mankind； flock hither and
thither； dangerous； aimless； get the length even of Versailles。 Turgot is
altering the corn trade； abrogating the absurdest corn laws； there is dearth；
real； or were it even factitious； an indubitable scarcity of broad。 And so；
on the 2nd day of May； 1775； these waste multitudes do here； at Versailles
chateau； in widespread wretchedness； in sallow faces； squalor； winged
raggedness； present as in legible hieroglyphic writing their petition of
grievances。 The chateau…gat
