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glaucus-or the wonders of the shore(鯉斥互帽)-及11准

弌傍�� glaucus-or the wonders of the shore(鯉斥互帽) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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vegetable       forms�拭     �What      are    the   groups     of   grey    bladders�察    �with 

something like a little bud at the tip�拭            �What are the hundreds of            little 

pink´striped pears�拭        �What   those   tiny  babies' heads�察  �covered        with   grey 

prickles instead of hair�拭        �The great red star´fish�察�which           Ulster children 

call   ;the   bad   man's   hands�察─  �and   the   great   whelks�察   �which   the   youth   of 

Musselburgh   know   as   roaring   buckies�察  �these   we         have   seen   before�察  �but 

what�察�oh what�察�are the red capsicums�拭 � 

     Yes�察�what are the red capsicums�拭�and why are they poking�察�snapping�察�

starting�察  �crawling�察  �tumbling   wildly   over   each   other�察  �rattling   about       the 

huge mahogany cockles�察�as big as a child's two fists�察�out of                    which they 

are   protruded�拭     �Mark   them  well�察  �for   you   will   perhaps     never   see   them 

again。     They  are   a   Mediterranean   species�察  �or   rather      three   species�察  �left 

behind      upon    these    extreme     south´western       coasts�察   �probably       at  the 



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vanishing of that warmer ancient epoch�察�which                   clothed the Lizard Point 

with     the   Cornish     heath�察  �and    the  Killarney      mountains       with    Spanish 

saxifrages�察  �and   other   relics   of   a   flora  whose   home   is   now   the   Iberian 

peninsula      and   the   sunny   cliffs   of  the    Riviera。     Rare     on   every   other 

shore�察    �even    in  the   west�察  �it  abounds      in   Torbay     at  certain�察  �or  rather 

uncertain�察�times�察�to so prodigious             an amount�察�that the dredge�察�after five 

minutes' scrape�察�will         sometimes come up choked full of this great cockle 

only。     You will      see hundreds of them in every cove for miles this day�察�a 

seeming       waste of life�察�which would be awful�察�in our eyes�察�were not the 

Divine   Ruler�察  �as   His   custom   is�察  �making   this   destruction   the   means        of 

fresh creation�察�by burying them in the sands�察�as soon as washed                     on shore�察�

to fertilize the strata of some future world。               It is but    a shell´fish truly�察�

but    the   great   Cuvier    thought     it  remarkable      enough      to  devote     to  its 

anatomy   elaborate   descriptions   and           drawings�察  �which   have   done   more 

perhaps than any others to            illustrate the curious economy of the whole 

class of bivalve�察�or        double´shelled�察�mollusca。          ��Plate II。 Fig。 3。�� 

     That     red   capsicum       is  the   foot   of   the   animal     contained     in   the 

cockleshell。       By its aid it crawls�察�leaps�察�and burrows in the sand�察               �where 

it   lies  drinking     in   the  salt   water    through     one   of   its   siphons�察    �and 

discharging it again through the other。             Put the shell      into a rock pool�察�or 

a basin of water�察�and you will see the siphons                clearly。     The valves gape 

apart     some     three´quarters      of   an   inch。       The     semi´pellucid      orange 

;mantle; fills the intermediate space。                Through that mantle�察�at the end 

from which the foot curves�察�the              siphons protrude�察�two thick short tubes 

joined   side   by   side�察 �their   lips   fringed   with   pearly  cirri�察  �or   fringes�察  �and 

very beautiful they         are。    The larger is always open�察�taking in the water�察�

which is at       once the animal's food and air�察�and which�察�flowing over the 

delicate   inner   surface   of   the   mantle�察  �at   once   oxygenates   its   blood�察   �and 

fills   its  stomach     with    minute    particles    of  decayed     organized      matter。 

The   smaller   is   shut。     Wait   a   minute�察  �and   it   will   open    suddenly   and 

discharge a jet of clear water�察�which has been robbed�察                    �I suppose�察�of its 

oxygen and its organic matter。             But�察�I suppose�察      �your eyes will be rather 

attracted by that same scarlet and orange                foot�察�which is being drawn in 

and   thrust   out   to   a  length   of nearly   four   inches�察 �striking   with   its   point 



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against   any   opposing   object�察      �and   sending   the   whole   shell   backwards 

with a jerk。     The point�察�you       see�察�is sharp and tongue´like�察�only flattened�察�

not horizontally�察      �like a tongue�察�but perpendicularly�察�so as to form�察�as it 

was     intended�察�a perfect sand´plough�察�by which the animal can move at 

will�察�either above or below the surface of the sand。 ��2�� 

     But for colour and shape�察�to what shall we compare it�拭                  �To polished 

cornelian�察  �says   Mr。   Gosse。      I   say�察  �to   one   of   the   great   red capsicums 

which hang drying in every Covent´garden seedsman's                     window。       Yet is 

either simile better than the guess of a certain            lady�察�who�察�entering a room 

wherein a couple of Cardium tuberculatum                 were waltzing about a plate�察�

exclaimed�察 �Oh dear�          �I always heard       that my pretty red coral came out 

of a fish�察�and here it is all      alive� ─�

     ;C。 tuberculatum�察─�says Mr。 Gosse ��who described it from specimens 

which   I   sent   him   in   1854���察   �is   far   the   finest   species。 The   valves  are 

more globose   and of   a warmer   colour�察  �those that   I have   seen   are          even 

more spinous。;        Such may have been the case in those I sent�此              �but it has 

occurred   to   me   now   and   then   to   dredge   specimens   of   C。      aculeatum�察�

which had escaped that rolling on the sand fatal in old                age to its delicate 

spines�察�and which equalled in colour�察�size�察�and              perfectness the noble one 

figured     in  poor    dear   old  Dr。   Turton's     ;British    Bivalves。;      Besides�察�

aculeatum is a far thinner and more             delicate shell。     And a third species�察�

C。 echinatum�察�with curves           more graceful and continuous�察�is to be found 

now     and   then    with   the   two     former。    In    it�察 �each   point�察  �instead   of 

degenerating into a        knot�察�as in tuberculatum�察�or developing from delicate 

flat briar´ prickles into long straight thorns�察�as in aculeatum�察�is close´set 

to its fellow�察�and curved at the point transversely to the shell�察              �the whole 

being thus horrid with hundreds of strong tenterhooks�察                �making his castle 

impregnable to the raveners of the deep。              For we      can hardly doubt that 

these    prickles    are  meant    as   weapons     of   defence�察     �without    which    so 

savoury   a   morsel   as   the   mollusc   within     ��cooked   and   eaten   largely   on 

some parts of our south coast�� would              be a staple article of food for sea´ 

beasts   of   prey。   And   it   is  noteworthy�察  �first�察  �that   the   defensive   thorns 

which      are   permanent      on    the    two    thinner    species�察   �aculeatum     and 

echinatum�察�disappear          altogether on the thicker one�察�tuberculatum�察�as old 



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age   gives   him   a    solid   and   heavy   globose   shell�察  �and   next�察  �that   he   too�察�

while   young       and   tender�察  �and   liable   therefore   to   be   bored   through   by 

whelks   and      such   murderous   univalves�察  �does   actually   possess   the   same 

briar´     prickles�察    �which     his    thinner     cousins     keep     throughout       life。 

Nevertheless�察  �prickles�察  �in   all   three   species�察  �are�察  �as   far   as   we   can  see�察�

useless     in  Torbay�察    �where    no   wolf´fish     ��Anarrhichas      lupus��    or   other 

owner of shell´crushing jaws wanders�察�terrible to lobster and                      to cockle。 

Originally intended�察�as we suppose�察�to face the strong´ toothed monsters of 

the Mediterranean�察�these foreigners have                wandered northward to shores 

where their armour is not now needed�察               �and yet centuries of idleness and 

security have not been able to            persuade them to lay it by。           This ´ if my 

explanation is the right          one ´ is but one more case among hundreds in 

which peculiarities�察       �useful doubtless to their original possessors�察�remain�察�

though   now       useless�察  �in   their   descendants。      Just   so   does   the   tame   ram 

inherit     the now superfluous horns of his primeval wild ancestors�察�though 

he    fights   now  

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