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madam how and lady why(裟健繁才山溺平)-及38准

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Do   you   think   you   can   take   all   that   away  without putting   anything   in   its 

place�拭�

     Why not�拭�

     If I took all the butter out of the churn�察�what must I do if I want more 

butter still�拭�

     Put more cream in。 

     So�察�if I want more grass to grow�察�I must put on the soil more of what 

grass is made of。 

     But the butter don't grow�察�and the grass does。 

     What does the grass grow in�拭�

     The soil。 

     Yes。    Just as the butter grows in the churn。           So you   must put fresh 

grass´stuff continually into the soil�察�as you put fresh cream into the churn。 

You have heard the farm men say�察 �That crop has taken a good deal out of 

the land;�拭�

     Yes。 

     Then     they   spoke   exact    truth。   What     will  that   hay   turn  into   by 

Christmas�拭      �Can't you tell�拭    �Into milk�察�of course�察�which you will drink�察�

and into horseflesh too�察�which you will use。 

     Use horseflesh�拭      �Not eat it�拭�



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     No�察  �we   have   not   got   as   far   as   that。 We   did   not   even   make   up   our 

minds   to   taste   the   Cambridge   donkey。       But   every   time   the   horse   draws 

the carriage�察�he uses up so much muscle�察�and that muscle he must get back 

again   by   eating   hay   and   corn�察  �and   that   hay   and   corn   must   be   put   back 

again into the land by manure�察�or there will be all the less for the horse 

next year。     For one cannot eat one's cake and keep it too�察�and no more can 

one eat one's grass。 

     So this field is a truly wonderful place。           It is no ugly pile of brick and 

mortar�察    �with   a  tall  chimney     pouring    out   smoke    and    evil  smells�察  �with 

unhealthy�察�haggard people toiling inside。             Why do you look surprised�拭�

     Becausebecause nobody ever said it was。               You mean a manufactory。 

     Well�察�and this hay´field is a manufactory�此             �only like most of Madam 

How's   workshops�察  �infinitely   more   beautiful�察  �as   well   as   infinitely   more 

crafty�察�than any manufactory of man's building。 It is beautiful to behold�察�

and healthy to work in�察�a joy and blessing alike to the eye�察�and the mind�察�

and the body�此      �and yet it is a manufactory。 

     But a manufactory of what�拭�

     Of milk of course�察�and cows�察�and sheep�察�and horses�察�and of your body 

and minefor we shall drink the milk and eat the meat。                   And therefore it 

is   a   flesh   and   milk   manufactory。    We   must   put   into   it   every   year   yard´ 

stuff�察  �tank´stuff�察  �guano�察  �bones�察  �and   anything   and   everything   of   that   kin�察�

that Madam How may cook it for us into grass�察�and cook the grass again 

into milk and meat。         But if we don't give Madam How material to work 

on�察 �we   cannot   expect   her   to   work   for   us。  And   what   do   you   think   will 

happen   then�拭     �She   will   set   to   work   for   herself。 The   rich   grasses   will 

dwindle for want of ammonia ��that is smelling salts���察�and the rich clovers 

for want of phosphates ��that is bone´earth���此             �and in their places will come 

over the bank the old weeds and grass off the moor�察�which have not room 

to   get   in   now�察  �because   the   ground   is   coveted   already。    They   want   no 

ammonia nor phosphatesat all events they have none�察�and that is why the 

cattle   on   the   moor   never   get   fat。   So   they   can   live   where   these    rich 

grasses cannot。       And then they will conquer and thrive�察�and the Field will 

turn into Wild once more。 

     Ah�察�my child�察�thank God for your forefathers�察�when you look over that 



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boundary mark。         For the difference between the Field and the Wild is the 

difference between the old England of Madam How's making�察�and the new 

England which she has taught man to make�察�carrying on what she had only 

begun and had not time to finish。 

     That moor is a pattern bit left to show what the greater part of this land 

was like for long ages after it had risen out of the sea�察�when there was little 

or nothing on the flat upper moors save heaths�察�and ling�察�and club´mosses�察�

and soft gorse�察�and needle´ whin�察�and creeping willows�察�and furze and fern 

upon the brows�察�and in the bottoms oak and ash�察�beech and alder�察�hazel 

and   mountain   ash�察  �holly   and   thorn�察  �with   here   and   there   an   aspen   or   a 

buckthorn ��berry´bearing alder as you call it���察�and everywherewhere he 

could    thrust   down   his    long   root�察 �and   thrust   up  his   long  shoots    that 

intruding conqueror and insolent tyrant�察�the bramble。                There were sedges 

and   rushes�察  �too�察  �in   the   bogs�察  �and   coarse   grass   on   the   forest   pasturesor 

;leas; as we call them to this day round here´ ´but no real green fields�察�and�察�

I suspect�察�very few gay flowers�察�save in spring the sheets of golden gorse�察�

and in summer the purple heather。            Such was old Englandor rather�察�such 

was this land before it was England�察�a far sadder�察�damper�察�poorer land than 

now。     For one man or one cow or sheep which could have lived on it then�察�

a hundred can live now。          And yet�察�what it was once�察�that it might become 

again��it surely would round here�察�if this brave English people died out of 

it�察�and the land was left to itself once more。 

     What would happen then�察�you may guess for yourself�察�from what you 

see happen whenever the land is left to itself�察�as it is in the wood above。 

In   that   wood   you   can   still   see   the   grass   ridges   and   furrows   which   show 

that it was once ploughed and sown by man�察�perhaps as late as the time of 

Henry the Eighth�察�when a great deal of poor land�察�as you will read some 

day�察  �was   thrown   out   of   tillage�察  �to   become   forest   and   down   once   more。 

And what is the mount now�拭           �A jungle of oak and beech�察�cherry and holly�察�

young and old all growing up together�察�with the mountain ash and bramble 

and furze coming up so fast beneath them�察�that we have to cut the paths 

clear   again   year   by   year。   Why�察  �even   the   little   cow´wheat�察  �a   very   old´ 

world plant�察�which only grows in ancient woods�察�has found its way back 

again�察  �I   know   not   whence�察  �and   covers   the   open   spaces   with   its   pretty 



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yellow and white flowers。         Man had conquered this mount�察�you see�察�from 

Madam How�察�hundreds of years ago。                And she always lets man conquer 

her�察�because Lady Why wishes man to conquer�此                �only he must have a fair 

fight with Madam How first�察�and try his strength against hers to the utmost。 

So man conquered the wood for a while�察�and it became cornfield instead 

of forest�此   �but he was not strong and wise enough three hundred years ago 

to keep what he had conquered�察�and back came Madam How�察�and took the 

place into her own hands�察�and bade the old forest trees and plants come 

back   againas   they   would   come   if   they   were   not   stopped   year   by   year�察�

down   from   the   wood�察  �over   the   pastureskilling   the   rich   grasses   as   they 

went�察�till they met another forest coming up from below�察�and fought it for 

many a year�察�till both made peace�察�and lived quietly side by side for ages。 

     Another forest coming up from below�拭             �Where would it come from�拭�

     From   where   it   is   now。  Come   down   and   look   along   the   brook�察  �and 

every drain and grip which runs into the brook。             What is here�拭�

     Seedling alders�察�and some withies among them。 

     Very   well。    You   know   how   we   pull   these   alders   up�察  �and   cut   them 

down�察�and yet they continually come again。                Now�察�if we and all human 

beings were to leave this pasture for a few hundred years�察�would not those 

alders increase into a wood�拭          �Would they not kill the grass�察�and spread 

right and   left�察�seeding themselves more   and more   as the grass died�察 �and 

left the ground bare�察�till they met the oaks and beeches coming down the 

hill�拭   �And then would begin a great fight�察�for years and years�察�between 

oak and beech against alder and willow。 

     But how  can trees fight�拭        �Could they  move   or beat   each other   with 

their boughs�拭�

     Not   quite   that�察  �though   they   do   beat   each   other   with   their   boughs�察�

fiercely enough�察�in a gale of wind�察�and then the trees who have strong and 

stiff boughs wound those who have brittle and limp boughs�察�and so hurt 

them�察�and if the storms

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