historical lectures and essays(臥櫛帽署帽旋煽雰讐恙)-及5准
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St。 Olaf�察 �indeed�察 �forced Christianity on the Norse at the sword's point�察�
often by horrid cruelties�察�and perished in the attempt。 But who forced it
on the Norsemen of Scotland�察�England�察�Ireland�察�Neustria�察�Russia�察�and all
the Eastern Baltic�拭 �It was absorbed and in most cases�察 �I believe�察�
gradually and willingly�察�as a gospel and good news to hearts worn out with
the storm of their own passions。 And whence came their Christianity�拭�
Much of it�察 �as in the case of the Danes�察 �and still more of the French
Normans�察 �came direct from Rome�察 �the city which�察 �let them defy its
influence as they would�察�was still the fount of all theology�察�as well as of all
civilisation。 But I must believe that much of it came from that
mysterious ancient Western Church�察�the Church of St。 Patric�察�St。 Bridget�察�
St。 Columba�察 �which had covered with rude cells and chapels the rocky
islets of the North Atlantic�察�even to Iceland itself。 Even to Iceland�察�for
when that island was first discovered�察 �about A。D。 840�察 �the Norsemen
found in an isle�察�on the east and west and elsewhere�察�Irish books and bells
and wooden crosses�察�and named that island Papey�察�the isle of the popes
some little colony of monks�察 �who lived by fishing�察 �and who are said to
have left the land when the Norsemen settled in it。 Let us believe�察�for it
is consonant with reason and experience�察 �that the sight of those poor
monks�察�plundered and massacred again and again by the ;mailed swarms
of Lochlin�察─ �yet never exterminated�察 �but springing up again in the same
place�察�ready for fresh massacre�察�a sacred plant which God had planted�察�and
which no rage of man could trample outlet us believe�察 �I say�察 �that that
sight taught at last to the buccaneers of the old world that there was a
purer manliness�察�a loftier heroism�察�than the ferocious self´assertion of the
Berserker�察 �even the heroism of humility�察 �gentleness�察 �self´restraint�察 �self´
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sacrifice�察�that there was a strength which was made perfect in weakness�察�a
glory�察�not of the sword but of the cross。 We will believe that that was the
lesson which the Norsemen learnt�察 �after many a wild and blood´stained
voyage�察�from the monks of Iona or of Derry�察�which caused the building of
such churches as that which Sightrys�察�king of Dublin�察�raised about the year
1030�察�not in the Norse but in the Irish quarter of Dublin�此 �a sacred token
of amity between the new settlers and the natives on the ground of a
mon faith。 Let us believe�察�too�察�that the influence of woman was not
wanting in the good workthat the story of St。 Margaret and Malcolm
Canmore was repeated�察�though inversely�察 �in the case of many a heathen
Scandinavian jarl�察�who�察�marrying the princely daughter of some Scottish
chieftain�察�found in her creed at last something more precious than herself�察�
while his brother or his cousin became�察�at Dublin or Wexford or Waterford�察�
the husband of some saffron´robed Irish princess�察 �fair as an elf�察─�as the
old saying was�察�some ;maiden of the three transcendent hues�察─�of whom
the old book of Linane says�此�
Red as the blood which flowed from stricken deer�察�White as the snow
on which that blood ran down�察 �Black as the raven who drank up that
blood�察�
´ and possibly�察�as in the case of Brian Boru's mother�察�had given his
fair´haired sister in marriage to some Irish prince�察�and could not resist the
spell of their new creed�察 �and the spell too�察 �it may be�察 �of some sister of
theirs who had long given up all thought of earthly marriage to tend the
undying fire of St。 Bridget among the consecrated virgins of Kildare。
I am not drawing from mere imagination。 That such things must
have happened�察�and happened again and again�察�is certain to anyone who
knows�察�even superficially�察�the documents of that time。 And I doubt not
that�察 �in manners as well as in religion�察 �the Norse were humanised and
civilised by their contact with the Celts�察�both in Scotland and in Ireland。
Both peoples had valour�察 �intellect�察 �imagination�此 �but the Celt had that
which the burly angular Norse character�察 �however deep and stately�察 �and
however humorous�察 �wanted�察 �namely�察 �music of nature�察 �tenderness�察 �grace�察�
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rapidity�察�playfulness�察�just the qualities�察�bining with the Scandinavian
��and in Scotland with the Angle�� elements of character which have
produced�察�in Ireland and in Scotland�察�two schools of lyric poetry second to
none in the world。
And so they were converted to what was then a dark and awful creed�察�
a creed of ascetic self´torture and purgatorial fires for those who escape
the still more dreadful�察 �because endless�察 �doom of the rest of the human
race。 But�察 �because it was a sad creed�察 �it suited better�察 �men who had�察�
when conscience re´awakened in them�察�but too good reason to be sad�察�and
the minsters and cloisters which sprang up over the whole of Northern
Europe�察�and even beyond it�察�along the dreary western shores of Greenland
itself�察�are the symbols of a splendid repentance for their own sins and for
the sins of their forefathers。
Gudruna herself�察 �of whom I spoke just now�察 �one of those old Norse
heroines who helped to discover America�察�though a historic personage�察�is a
symbolic one likewise�察�and the pattern of a whole class。 She too�察 �after
many journeys to Iceland�察�Greenland�察�and Winland�察�goes on a pilgrimage
to Rome�察�to get�察�I presume�察�absolution from the Pope himself for all the
sins of her strange�察�rich�察�stormy�察�wayward life。
Have you not readmany of you surely haveLa Motte Fouque's
romance of ;Sintram�拭─ �It embodies all that I would say。 It is the
spiritual drama of that early Middle Age�察�very sad�察�morbid if you will�察�but
true to fact。 The Lady Verena ought not�察�perhaps�察�to desert her husband�察�
and shut herself up in a cloister。 But so she would have done in those old
days。 And who shall judge her harshly for so doing�拭 �When the
brutality of the man seems past all cure�察�who shall blame the woman if she
glides away into some atmosphere of peace and purity�察 �to pray for him
whom neither warnings nor caresses will amend�拭 �It is a sad book�察�
;Sintram。; And yet not too sad。 For they were a sad people�察�those old
Norse forefathers of ours。 Their Christianity was sad�察�their minsters sad�察�
there are few sadder�察�though few grander�察�buildings than a Norman church。
And yet�察 �perhaps�察 �their Christianity did not make them sad。 It was
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but the other and the healthier side of that sadness which they had as
heathens。 Read which you will of the old sagasheathen or half´
Christianthe Eyrbiggia�察�Viga Glum�察�Burnt Niall�察�Grettir the Strong�察�and�察�
above all�察 �Snorri Sturluson's ;Heimskringla; itself and you will see at
once how sad they are。 There is�察�in the old sagas�察�none of that enjoyment
of life which shines out everywhere in Greek poetry�察 �even through its
deepest tragedies。 Not in placency with Nature's beauty�察�but in the
fierce struggle with her wrath�察�does the Norseman feel pleasure。 Nature
to him was not�察�as in Mr。 Longfellow's exquisite poem�察。�3�� the kind old
nurse�察�to take him on her knee and whisper to him�察�ever anew�察�the story
without an end。 She was a weird witch´wife�察 �mother of storm demons
and frost giants�察�who must be fought with steadily�察 �warily�察�wearily�察 �over
dreary heaths and snow´capped fells�察 �and rugged nesses and tossing
sounds�察�and aw