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election according to which the future incumbents shall be appointed。

Provence frequently bought back its municipal liberties in the same

fashion; and; for a hundred years; expended for this purpose

12;500;000 livres。 In 1772; the king once more established the

venality of the municipal offices: but; on the Parliament of Aix

remonstrating; in 1774; he returned their old rights and franchises to

the communities。 … Cf。 Guyot; 〃Répertoire de jurisprudence〃 (1784);

articles; Echevins; Capitouls; Conseillers。



'15' Thibaudeau; p。72 (words of the First Consul at a meeting of the

Council of State; Pluvi?se 14; year X)。



'16' Roederer; III。; 439 (Note of Pluvi?se 28; year VIII); ib。; 443

〃The pretended organic sénatus…consulte of Aug。 4; 1802; put an end to

notability by instituting electoral colleges。 。 。 The First Consul was

really recognized as the grand…elector of the notability;〃



'17' Any dictator or dictator's draftsman will; upon reading this

understand how easy it is to make a sham constitution and sham

electoral systems for a de facto dictatorship。(SR。)



'18' Thibaudeau; 72; 289 (words of the  First Consul at a meeting of

the Council of State; Thermidor 16; year X)。



'19' Ibid。;  p。 293。 Sénatus…consulte of Thermidor 16; year X; and of

Fructidor 19; year X。



'20'  Decree of January 17; 1806; article 40。



'21' Aucoc; 〃 Conférence sur l'administration et le droit

administratif;〃 §§ 101; 162; 165。  In our legislative system the

council of the arrondissement has not become a civil personality; while

it has scarcely any other object than to apportion direct taxes among

the communes of the arrondissement



'22'  Sénatus…consulte of Thermidor 16; year X。



'23'  Decree of May 13; 1806; title III。; article 32。



'24' Thibaudeau; ibid。; 294 (Speech of the First Consul to the Council

of State; Thermidor 16; year X)。  〃What has become of the men of the

Revolution? Once out of place; they have been entirely neglected: they

have nothing left; they have no support; no natural refuge。  Look at

Barras; Reubell; etc。〃  The electoral colleges are to furnish them

with the asylum they lack。 〃Now is the time to elect the largest

number of men of the Revolution; the longer we wait; the fewer there

will be。 。 。 。 With the exception of some of them; who have appeared

on a grand stage; 。 。 。 who have signed some treaty of peace 。 。 。 the

rest are all isolated and in obscurity。 That is an important gap which

must be filled up 。 。 。 。 It is for this reason that I have instituted

the Legion of Honor。〃



'25' Baron de Vitrolles; 〃Memoires;〃 preface; XXI。  Comte de Villèle;

〃Memoires et Correspondance;〃 I。; 189 (August; 1807)。



'26' Faber; 〃Notice sur l'intérieur de la France〃 (1807); p。25。



'27' Supporters of the Sovereign king or of the legitimate royal

dynasty。 (SR。)



'28' The following document shows the sense and aim of the change;

which goes on after the year VIII; also the contrast between both

administrative staffs。 (Archives Nationales; F 7; 3219; letter of M。

Alquier to the First Consul; Pluviose 18; year VIII。) M。 Alquier; on

his way to Madrid; stops at Toulouse and sends a report to the

authorities of Haute…Garonne: 〃I was desirous of seeing the central

administration。 I found there the ideas and language of 1793。 Two

personages; Citizens Barreau and Desbarreaux; play an active part

then。 Up to 1792; the first was a shoemaker; and owed his political

fortune simply to his audacity and revolutionary frenzy。 The second;

Desbarreaux; was a comedian of Toulouse; his principal role being that

of valets。 In the month of Prairial; year III; he was compelled to go

down on his knees on the stage and ask pardon for having made

incendiary speeches at some previous period in the decadal temple。 The

public; not deeming his apology sufficient; drove him out of the

theater。 He now combines with his function of departmental

administrator the post of cashier for the actors; which thus brings

him in 1200 francs 。 。 。 The municipal councilors are not charged with

lack of probity: but they are derived from too law a class and have

too little regard for themselves to obtain consideration from the

public。 。 。 The commune of Toulouse is very impatient at being

governed by weak; ignorant men; formerly mixed in with the crowd; and

whom; probably; it is urgent to send back to it。 。 。 。 It is

remarkable that; in a city of such importance; which provides so large

a number of worthy citizens of our sort of capacity and education;

only men are selected for public duties who; with respect to

instruction; attainments; and breeding; offer no guarantee whatever to

the government and no inducement to win public consideration。〃



'29'  〃Correspondance de Napoléon;〃 No。4474; note dictated to Lucien;

minister of the interior; year VIII。



'30' Cf。 〃Procés…verbaux des conseil généraux〃 of the year VIII; and

especially of the year IX。 〃Many of the cross roads have entirely

disappeared at the hands of the neighboring owners of the land。 The

paved roads are so much booty。〃 (for example; Vosges; p。429; year IX。)

〃The roads of the department are in such a bad state that the

landowners alongside carry off the stones to build their houses and

wall in their inheritance。 They encroach on the roads daily; the

ditches are cultivated by them the same as their own property。〃



'31'  Laws of February 29… March 9; 1804 And February 28 … March 10;

1805。



'32'  Laws of July 23; 1802; and of February 27; 1811。



'33' 〃Correspondance de Napoléon;〃 No。 4474 (note dictated to Lucien)。



'34' Decree of March 1; 1808: 〃Are counts by right; all ministers;

senators; councilors of state for life; presidents of the corps

Legislatif; and archbishops。 Are barons by right; all bishops。 May

become barons; after ten years of service; all first presidents and

attorney generals; the mayors of the thirty…six principal towns。  (In

1811; instead of 36; there are 52 principal towns。) May also become

barons; the presidents and members of the department electoral

colleges who have attended three sessions of these colleges。〃



'35' Decree of Thermidor 4; year X。



'36' Law of Pluvi?se 28; year VIII。



'37' 〃Procés…verbaux des conseils généraux〃 of the years VIII and X。

(The second series drawn up after those propounded by the minister

Chaptal; is much more complete and furnishes an historical document of

the highest importance。)



'38' 〃 Statistiques des préfets (from the years IX to XIII; about 40

volumes)。



'39'  Beugnot; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 363。



'40' Faber; ibid。; 127。 … Cf。 Charlotte de Sohr; 〃Napoleon en 1811〃

(details and anecdotes on Napoleon's journey through Belgium and

Holland)。



'41' Beugnot; I。; 380; 384。 〃He struck the good Germans dumb with

admiration; unable to comprehend how it was that their interests had

become so familiar to him and with what superiority he treated them。〃



'42' Beugnot; ibid。; I。; 395。 Everywhere; on the Emperor's passage

(1811); the impression experienced was  a kind of shock as at the

sight of a wonderful apparition。



'43' Thiers; 〃 Histoire du Consulat et l'Empire;〃 XVI。;  246 (January;

1813)。  〃A word to the prefect; who transmitted this to one of the

municipal councilors of his town; was enough to insure an offer from

some large town and have this imitated throughout the empire。 Napoleon

had an idea that he could get towns and cantons to offer him troops of

horse; armed and equipped。〃 … In fact; this offer was voted with

shouts by the Paris municipal council and; through contagion; in the

provinces。 As to voting this freely it suffices to remark how the

annexed towns voted; which; six months later; are to rebel。 Their

offers are not the least。 For instance; Amsterdam offers 100 horsemen;

Hamburg 100; Rotterdam 50; the Hague 40; Leyden 24; Utrecht 20;

Dusseldorf 12。 … The horsemen furnished are men enlisted for money;

16;000 are obtained; and the sum voted suffices to purchase

additionally 22;000 horses and 22;000 equipments。 … To obtain this

money; the prefect himself apportions the requisite sum among those in

his department who pay the most taxes; at the rate of from 6oo to 1000

francs per head。 On these arbitrary requisitions and a great many

others; either in money or in produce; and on the sentiments of the

farmers and landed proprietors in the South; especially after 1813;

cf。 the 〃 Mémoires de M。 Villèle;〃 vol。 I。; passim。



'44' Comte Joseph d'Estourmel; 〃Souvenirs de France et d'Italie;  240。

The general council of Rouen was the first to suggest the vote for

guards of honor。 Assembled spontaneously (meetings are always

spontaneous); its members pass an enthusiastic address。 〃The example

was found to be excellent; the address was published in the Moniteur;

and sent to all the prefects 。 。 。 。 The councils were obliged to

meet; which generously disposed of other people's children;

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