the origins of contemporary france-5-第59节

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towards　bringing　on　the　revolution。



＇63＇　〃Statistiques　des　préfets；〃　Indre；　by　Dalphonse；　year　XII；　p。104：

〃The　universities；　the　colleges；　the　seminaries；　the　religious

establishments；　the　free　schools　are　all　destroyed；　vast　plans　only

remain　for　a　new　system　of　education　raised　on　their　ruins。　Nearly　all

of　these　rest　unexecuted。　。　。　。　Primary　schools　have　nowhere；　one　may

say；　been　organized；　and　those　which　have　been　are　so　poor　they　had

better　not　have　been　organized　at　all。　With　a　pompous　and　costly

system　of　public　instruction；　ten　years　have　been　lost　for

instruction。〃



＇64＇　Moniteur；　XXI。；　644。　（Session　of　Fructidor　19；　year　II。）　One　of

the　members　says：　〃It　is　very　certain；　and　my　colleagues　see　it　with

pain；　that　public　instruction　is　null。〃　…　Fourcroy：　〃Reading　and

writing　are　no　longer　taught。〃　…　Albert　Duruy；　p。　208。　（Report　to　the

Directory　executive；　Germinal　13；　year　IV。）　〃For　nearly　six　years　no

public　instruction　exists。〃　…　De　La　Sicotiere；　〃Histoire　du　collège　de

Alen？on；〃　p。33：　〃In　1794；　there　were　only　two　pupils　in　the　college。〃

…　Lunet；　〃Histoire　du　collège　de　Rodez；〃　p。157：　〃The　recitation…rooms

remained　empty　of　pupils　and　teachers　from　March　1793　to　May　16；

1796。〃　…　〃　Statistiques　des　préfets；〃　Eure；　by　Masson　Saint…Amand　year

XIII：　〃In　the　larger　section　of　the　department；　school…houses　existed

with　special　endowments　for　teachers　of　both　sexes。　The　school…houses

have　been　alienated　like　other　national　domains；　the　endowments　due　to

religious　corporations　or　establishments　have　been　extinguished　　…　As

to　girls；　that　portion　of　society　has　suffered　an　immense　loss；

relatively　to　its　education；　in　the　suppression　of　religious

communities　which　provided　them　with　an　almost　gratuitous　and

sufficiently　steady　instruction。〃



＇65＇　My　maternal　grandmother　learned　how　to　read　from　a　nun　concealed

in　the　cellar　of　the　house。



＇66＇　Albert　Duruy；　ibid。；　349。　（Decree　of　the　Directory；　Pluvi？se　17；

year　V；　and　circular　of　the　minister　Letourneur　against　free　schools

which　are　〃dens　of　royalism　and　superstition。〃　…　Hence　the　decrees　of

the　authorities　in　the　departments　of　Eure；　Pas　de　Calais；　Dr？me；

Mayenne　and　La　Manche；　closing　these　dens。）　〃From　Thermidor　27；　year

VI；　to　Messidor　2；　year　VII；　say　the　authorities　of　La　Manche；　we　have

revoked　fifty…eight　teachers　on　their　denunciation　by　the

municipalities　and　by　popular　clubs。〃



＇67＇　Archives　nationales；　cartons　3144　to　3145；　No。　l04。　（Reports　of

the　Councillors　of　State　on　mission　in　the　year　IX。）　Report　by　Lacuée

on　the　first　military　division。　Three　central　schools　at　Paris；　one

called　the　Quatre…Nations。　〃This　school　must　be　visited　in　order　to

form　any　idea　of　the　state　of　destruction　and　dilapidation　which　all

the　national　buildings　are　in。　No　repairs　have　been　made　since　the

reopening　of　the　schools；　everything　is　going　to　ruin。　。　。　。　Walls　are

down　and　the　floors　fallen　in。　To　preserve　the　pupils　from　the　risks

which　the　occupation　of　these　buildings　hourly　presents；　it　is

necessary　to　give　lessons　in　rooms　which　are　very　unhealthy　on　account

of　their　small　dimensions　and　dampness。　In　the　drawing…class　the

papers　and　models　in　the　portfolios　become　moldy。〃



＇68＇　Albert　Duruy；　ibid。；　484。　（〃Procès…verbaux　des　conseils…

généraux；〃　year　IX；　passim。）



＇69＇　Ibid。；　476。　（〃Statistiques　des　préfets；〃　Sarthe；　year　X。）

〃Prejudices　which　it　is　difficult　to　overcome；　as　well　on　the

stability　of　this　school　as　on　the　morality　of　some　of　the　teachers；

prevented　its　being　frequented　for　a　time。〃　…　483。　（Procès…verbaux　des

conseils…généraux；〃　Bas…Rhin。）　〃The　overthrow　of　religion　has　excited

prejudices　against　the　central　schools。〃　…　482。　（Ibid。；　Lot。）　〃Most　of

the　teachers　in　the　central　school　took　part　in　the　revolution　in　a

not　very　honorable　way。　Their　reputation　affects　the　success　of　their

teaching。　Their　schools　are　deserted。〃



＇70＇　Albert　Duruy；　ibid。；　'94。　（According　to　the　reports　of　15　central

schools；　from　the　year　VI。　to　the　year　VIII。）　The　average　for　each

central　school　is　for　drawing；　89　pupils；　for　mathematics；　28；　for　the

classics；　24；　for　physics；　chemistry　and　natural　history；　19；　for

general　grammar；　5；　for　history；　10；　for　legislation；　8：　for　belles…

lettres；　6。　…　Rocquam；　ibid。；　P。29。　（Reports　of　Fran？ais　de　Nantes；　on

the　departments　of　the　South…east。）　〃There；　as　elsewhere；　the　courses

on　general　grammar；　on　belles…lettres；　history　and　legislation；　are

unfrequented。　Those　on　mathematics；　chemistry；　Latin　and　drawing　are

better　attended；　because　these　sciences　open　up　lucrative　careers。　…

Ibid。；　p。　108。　（Report　by　Barbé…Marboi　on　the　Brittany　departments。）



＇71＇　Statistiques　des　préfets；〃　Meurthe；　by　Marquis；　year　XIII；　p。120。

〃In　the　communal　schools　of　the　rural　districts；　the　fee　was　so　small

that　the　poorest　families　could　contribute　to　the　（teacher's）　salary。

Assessments　on　the　communal　property；　besides；　helped　almost

everywhere　in　providing　the　teacher　with　a　satisfactory　salary；　so

that　these　functions　were　sought　after　and　commonly　well　fulfilled。　。

。　。　Most　of　the　villages　had　Sisters　of　Saint…Vincent　de　Paul　for

instructors；　or　others　well　known　under　the　name　of　Vatelottes。〃　…

〃The　partition　of　communal　property；　and　the　sale　of　that　assigned　to

old　endowments；　had　deprived　the　communes　of　resources　which　afforded

a　fair　compensation　to　schoolmasters　and　schoolmistresses。　The　product

of　the　additional　centimes　scarcely　sufficed　for　administrative

expenses。　…　Thus；　there　is　but　little　else　now　than　people　without

means；　who　take　poorly　compensated　places；　again；　they　neglect　their；

schools　just　as　soon　as　they　see　an　opportunity　to　earn　something

elsewhere。〃　…　Archives　nationales；　No。　1004；　cartons　　3044　and　3145。

（Report　of　the　councillors　of　state　on　mission　in　the　year　IX。　…　First

military　division；　Report　of　Lacuée。）　Aisne：　〃There　is　now　no　primary

school　according　to　legal　institution。〃　　…　The　situation　is　the　same

in　Oise；　also　in　Seine　for　the　districts　of　Sceaux　and　SaintDenis。



＇72＇　Albert　Duruy；　178。　（Report　drawn　up　in　the　bureaux　of　the

ministry　of　the　interior；　year　VIII。）　〃A　detestable　selection　of　those

called　instructors；　almost　everywhere；　they　are　men　without　morals　or

education；　who　owe　their　nomination　solely　to　a　pretended　civism；

consisting　of　nothing　but　an　insensibility　to　morality　and　propriety。

。　。　。　They　affect　an　insolent　contempt　for　the　（old）　religious

opinions。〃　…　Ibid。；　p。497。　（Procès…verbaux　des　conseils…généraux。）　On

primary　school…teachers；　Hérault：　〃Most　are　blockheads　and　vagabonds。〃

…　Pas…de…Calais：〃　Most　are　blockheads　or　ignoramuses。〃



＇73＇　Rocquam；　'94。　（Report　by　Fourcroy　on　the　14th　military　division；

Manche；　Orne；　Calvados。）　〃Besides　bad　conduct；　drunkenness；　and　the

immorality　of　many　of　these　teachers；　it　seems　certain　that　the　lack

of　instruction　in　religion　is　the　principal　motive　which　prevents

parents　from　sending　their　children　to　these　schools。〃　…　Archives

nationales；　ibid。　（Report　by　Lacuée　on　the　1st　military　division。）

〃The　teachers；　male　and　female；　who　desired　to　conform　to　the　law　of

Brumaire　3　and　to　the　different　rules　prescribed　by　the　central

administration；　on　placing　the　constitution　and　the　rights　of　man　in

the　hands　of　their　pupils；　found　their　schools　abandoned　one　after　the

other。　The　schools　the　best　attended　are　those　where　the　Testament；

the　catechism；　and　the　life　of　Christ　are　used。　。　。　。　The　instructors；

obliged　to　pursue　the　line　marked　out　by　the　government；　could　not　do

otherwise　than　carry　out　the　principles　which　opposed　the　prejudices

and　habits　of　the　parents；　hence　their　loss　of　credit；　and　the　almost

total　desertion　of　the　pupils。〃



＇74＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　vol。　III。；　p。　81；　note　2。　（Laff。　II。　pp。68…69；

note　4。）



＇75＇　〃Statistiques　des　préfets；〃　Moselle。　（Analysis　by　Ferrière。）　At

Metz；　in　1789；　there　were　five　free　schools　for　young　children；　of

which　one　was　for　boys　and　four　for　girls；　kept　by　monks　or　nuns；　in

the　year　XII　there　were　none：　〃An　entire　generation　was　given　up　to

ignorance。〃　Ibid。；　Ain；　by　Bossi；　1808：　〃In　1800；　there　were　scarcely

any　primary　schools　in　the　department；　as　in　the　rest　of　France。〃　In

1808；　there　are　scarcely　thirty。　…　Albert　Duruy；　p。480；　496。　（Procès…

verbaux　des　conseils…généraux；　year　IX。）　Vosges：　〃Scarcely　any　primary

instruction。〃　…　Sarthe：　〃Primary　instruction；　none。〃　…　Meuse…

Inférieure：　〃It　is　feared　that　in　fifteen　years　or　so　there　will　not

be　one　man　in　a　hundred　able　to　write；〃　etc。



＇76＇　These　are　the　minimum　figures；　and　they　are　arrived　at　through

the　following　calculation。　Before　1789；　47　men　out　of　100；　and　26

women　out　of　100；　that　is　to　say　36　or　37　persons　in　100；　received

primary　instruction。　Now；　according　to　the　census　from　1876　to　1881

（official　statistics　of　primary　instruction；　III。；　XVI。）；　children

from　six　to　thirteen　number　about　twelv