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signifies to him that he must remain a prisoner so long as he refuses

to be a second…lieutenant。〃



'46' Sénatus…consulte of April 26; 1802: 〃Considering that this

measure is merely one of pardon to the large number who are always

more led astray than criminal 。 。 。 the amnestied will remain for ten

years under a special government surveillance。〃 It may oblige each one

〃to leave his usual residence and go to a distance of twenty leagues;

and even farther if circumstances demand it。〃



'47' Thiers; X。; 41。  (Letter to Fouché; Dec。31; 1808; not inserted in

the correspondence。) … 〃The Modern Régime;〃 book I。; ch。II。



'48' Rocquain; 〃état de la France au 18 brumaire;〃 pp。33; 189; 190。

(Reports of Fran?ais de Nantes and of Fourcroy。) … 〃Statistique

elementaire de la France;〃 by Peuchet (according to a statement

published by the minister of the interior; year IX); p。 260。 …

〃Statistiques des préfets;〃 Aube; by Aubray; p。23; Aisne; by Dauchet;

p。87; Lot…et…Garonne; by Pieyre; p。 45: 〃It is during the Revolution

that the number of foundlings increased to this extraordinary extent

by the too easy admission in the asylums of girls who had become

mothers; along with their infants; through the passing sojourn of

soldiers in their houses; through the subversion of every principle of

religion and morality。〃 … Gers; by Balguerie: 〃Many defenders of the

country became fathers before their departure。 。 。 。 The soldiers; on

their return; maintained the habits of their conquests。 。 。 。 Many of

the girls; besides; for lack of a husband took a lover。〃… Moselle; by

Coichen; p。91: 〃Morals are more lax。 In 1789; at Metz; there are 524

illegitimate births; in the year IX; 646; in 1789; 70 prostitutes; in

the year IX; 260。 There is the same increase of kept women。〃 …

Peuchet; 〃 Essai d'une statistique générale de la France;〃 year IX;

p。28。 〃The number of illegitimate births; from one forty…seventh in

1780; increased to nearly one eleventh of the total births; according

to the comparative estimates of M。 Necker and M。 Mourgue。〃



'49' Rocquam; ibid。; p。 93。 (Report of Barbé…Marbois。)



'50' 〃The Revolution;〃 III。; p。416 (note); P。471 (note)。 (Laff。 II。

pp。 307…308; p 348。)



'51' 〃Statistiques des préfets;〃 Deux…Sèvres; by Dupin; p。 174:

〃Venereal diseases which thanks to good habits。 were still unknown in

the country in 1789; are now spread throughout the Bocage and in all

places where the troops have sojourned。〃 … 〃Dr。 Delahay; at Parthenay

observes that the number of maniacs increased fright fully in the

Reign of Terror。〃 (It should be remembered that the terminal stage of

untreated syphilis is madness and death。 SR。)



'52' Decrees of March 19; 1793; and Messidor 23; year II。 … Decrees of

Brumaire 2; year IV; and Vendémiaire 16 year V。



'53' 〃Statistiques des préfets;〃 Rh?ne; by Verminac; year X。 Income of

the Lyons Asylums in 1789;1。510;827 francs; to…day; 459;371 francs。 …

Indre; by Dalphonse; year XII。 The principal asylum of Issoudun;

founded in the twelfth century; had 27;939 francs revenue; on which it

loses 16;232。 Another asylum; that of the Incurables; loses; on an

income of 12;062 francs; 7457 francs。 … Eure; by Masson Saint…Amand;

year XIII: 〃14 asylums and 3 small charity establishments in the

department; with about 100;000 francs income in 1789; have lost at

least 60;000 francs of it。 … Vosges; by Desgouttes; year X: 〃10

asylums in the department。 Most of these have been stripped of nearly

the whole of their property and capital on account of the law of

Messidor 23; year II; on the suspension of the execution of this law;

the property had been sold and the capital returned。 … Cher; by Lu?ay:

〃15 asylums before the revolution; they remain almost wholly without

resources through the loss of their possessions。 … Lozère; by

Jerphaniou; year X: 〃The property belonging to the asylums; either in

real estate or state securities; has passed into other hands。〃 …

Doubs; analysis by Ferrieres: 〃Situation of the asylums much inferior

to that of 1789; because they could not have property restored to them

in proportion to the value of that which had been alienated。 The

asylum of Pontarlier lost one…half of its revenue through

reimbursements in paper…money。  All the property of the Ornans asylum

has been sold;〃 etc。 … Rocquain; p。 187。 (Report by Fourcroy。) Asylums

of Orne: their revenue; instead of 123;189 francs; is no more than

68;239。 … Asylums of Calvados: they have lost 173;648 francs of

income; there remains of this only 85;955 francs。 … Passim; heart…

rending details on the destitution of the asylums and their inmates;

children; the sick and the infirm。 … The figures by which I have tried

to show the disproportion between requirements and resources are a

minimum。



'54' Abbé Allain; 〃l'Instruction primaire en France avant la

Révolution;〃 and Albert Duruy; 〃l'Instruction publique et la

Révolution;〃 passim。



'55' 〃Statistique de l'enseignement primaire〃 (1880);II。; CCIV。 The

proportion of instructed and uninstructed people has been ascertained

in 79 departments; and at various periods; from 168o down to the year

1876; according to the signatures on 1;699;985 marriage…records。 … In

the 〃Dictionnaire de pédagogie et d'instruction primaire;〃 published

by M。 Buisson; M。 Maggiolo; director of these vast statistics; has

given the proportion of literate and illiterate people for the

different departments; now; from department to department; the figures

furnished by the signatures on marriage records correspond with

sufficient exactness to the number of schools; verified moreover by

pastoral visits and by other documents。 The most illiterate

departments are Cantal; Puy…de…Dome; Nièvre; Allier; Vienne; Haute…

Vienne; Deux…Sèvres; Vendée and the departments of Brittany。



'56' One sou equals 1/20 of a franc or 5 centimes。 (SR。)



'57' Albert Duruy; ibid。; p。25。 (According to the report of M。

Villemain on common…school education in 1843。) … Abbé Allain; 〃la

Question d'enseignement en 1789;〃 p。 88 … A。 Silvy; 〃les Collèges en

France avant la Révolution;〃 p。5。 The researches of M。 Silvy show that

the number of high…schools (collèges) given by M。 Villemain is much

too low: 〃The number of these schools under the ancient Régime cannot

be estimated at less than about 900。 。 。 。 I have ascertained 800。 。 。

。 I must add that my search is not yet finished and that I find new

institutions every day。〃



'58' Lunet; 〃Histoire du collège de Rodez;〃 p。 110。 … Edmond;

〃Histoire du collège de Louis…le…Grand;〃 p。 238。 … 〃Statistiques des

préfets;〃 Moselle。  (Analysis by Ferrière; year XII。) Before 1789; 4

high…schools at Metz; very complete; conducted by regular canons;

Benedictines; with 33 professors; 38 assistant teachers; 63 servants;

259 day…scholars and 217 boarders。 All this was broken up。 In the year

IX there is only one central school; very inadequate; with 9

professors; 5 assistants; 3 servants and 233 day…scholars。



'59' Albert Duruy; ibid。; p。 25。



'60' Lunet; ibid; p。110;



'61' 〃Statistiques des préfets;〃 Ain; by Bossi; p。368。 At Bourg;

before the revolution; 220 pupils; of which 70 were boarders; 8000

livres income in real property confiscated during the revolution。 … At

Belley; the teachers consist of the congregationist of Saint…Joseph;

250 pupils; 9950 francs revenue from capital invested in the pays

d'état; swept away by the revolution。 … At Thoissy; 8000 francs rental

of real property sold; etc。 … Deux…Sèvres; by Dupin; year IX; and

〃analyse〃 by Ferrière; P。 48: 〃Previous to the revolution; each

department town had its high…school。 … At Thouars; 60 boarders at 300

livres per annum; and 40 day…scholars。 At Niort; 80 boarders at 450

livres per annum; and 100 day…scholars〃。 …Aisne; by Dauchy; p。88。

Before 1789; nearly all the small high…schools were gratuitous; and;

in the large ones; there were scholarships open to competition。 All

their possessions; except large buildings; were alienated and sold; as

well as those of the 60 communities in which girls were taught

gratuitously。 … Eure; by Masson Saint…Amand。  There were previous to

1789; 8 high…schools which were all suppressed and destroyed。 … Dr?me;

by Collin; p。66。  Before the revolution; each town had its high…

school;〃 etc。



'62' Cf。 Marmontel; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 16; for details of these customs;

M。 Jules Simon found the same customs afterwards and describes them in

the souvenirs of his youth。 … La Chalotais; at the end of the reign of

Louis XV。; had already described the efficiency of the institution。

〃Even the people want to study。 Farmers and craftsmen send their

children to the schools in these small towns where living is cheap。〃

This rapid spread of secondary education contributed a good deal

towards bringing on the revolution。



'63' 〃Statistiques des préfets;〃 Indre; by Dalphonse; year XII; p。104:

〃The universities; the colleges;

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