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* the same practical efficiency。'148'



Summing it up and if we take things as a whole; and if we offset the

worse with the better; it may be said that the French people have

recovered the possessions they had been missing since 1789:



* internal peace;

* public tranquility;

* administrative regularity;

* impartial justice;

* a strict police;

* security of persons; property and consciences;

* liberty in private life;

* enjoyment of one's native land; and; on leaving it; the privilege of

coming back;

* the satisfactory endowment; gratuitous celebration and full exercise

of worship;

* schools and instruction for the young;

* beds; nursing and assistance for the sick; the indigent and for

foundlings;

* the maintenance of roads and public buildings。



So that of the two groups of cravings which troubled men in 1800; the

first one; that which dated from the Revolution; has; towards 1808 or

1810; obtained reasonable satisfaction。



______________________________________________________________________



Notes:



'1' Roederer; III。; 334 (August 6; 1800)。



'2'  The word means 〃what is beyond the Alps〃 but refers to a number

of doctrines favoring the Pope's absolute authority。 (SR。)



'3' Stanislas Girardin; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 273 (22 Thermidor; year X):

〃The only craving; the only sentiment in France; disturbed for so many

years; is repose。 Whatever secures this will gain its assent。 Its

inhabitants; accustomed to take an active part in all political

questions; now seem to take no interest in them。〃 …  Roederer; III。;

484 (Report on the Sénatorerie of Caen; Dec。 1; 1803): 〃The people of

the rural districts; busy with its new affairs; 。 。 。 are perfectly

submissive; because they now find security for persons and property。 。

。 。 They show no enthusiasm for the monarch; but are full of respect

for and trust in a gendarme; they stop and salute him on passing him

on the roads。〃



'4' Rocquam; 〃l'état de la France au 18 Brumaire。〃 (Report by Barbé…

Marbois; p。 72; 81。) Cash…boxes broken open and exclamations by the

officers 〃Money and fortune belong  to the brave。 Let us help

ourselves。 Our accounts will be settled at the cannon's mouth。〃 … 〃

The subordinates;〃 adds Barbé…Marbois; 〃fully aware of their

superior's drafts on the public treasury; stipulate for their share of

the booty; accustomed to exacting contributions from outside enemies

they are not averse to treating as conquered enemies the departments

they were called upon to defend。〃



'5' Ibid。 (Reports of Barbe…Marbois and Fourcroy while on their

missions in the 12th and 13th military divisions; year IX。; p。158; on

the tranquility of La Vendée。) 〃I could have gone anywhere without an

escort。 During my stay in some of the villages I was not disturbed by

any fear or suspicion whatever。 。 。 。 The tranquility they now enjoy

and the cessation of persecutions keep them from insurrection。〃



'6' Archives nationales; F7;3273  (Reports by Gen。 Ferino; Pluvi?se;

year IX; with a table of verdicts by the military commission since

Floreal; year VIII。) The commission mentions 53 assassinations; 3

rapes; 44 pillagings of houses; by brigands in Vaucluse; Dr?me; and

the Lower Alps; 66 brigands taken in the act are shot; 87 after

condemnation; and 6; who are wounded; die in the hospital。 … Rocquain;

ibid。; p。 17; (Reports of Fran?ais; from Nantes; on his mission in the

8th  military division。) 〃The South may be considered as purged by the

destruction of about 200 brigands who have been shot。 There remains

only three or four bands of 7 or S men each。〃



'7' Three classes of insurrectionary peasants or marauders。 … Tr。



'8' Archives Nationales; F7; 7152 (on the prolongation of brigandage)。

Letter from Lhoste; agent; to the minister of justice; Lyons; Pluvi?se

8; year VIII。 〃The diligences are robbed every week。〃 … Ibid。;

F7;3267; (Seine…et…Oise; bulletins of the military police and

correspondence of the gendarmerie)。 Brumaire 25; year VIII; attack on

the Paris mail near Arpajon by 5 brigands armed with guns。 Fructidor;

year VIII; at three o'clock P。M。; a cart loaded with 10;860 francs

sent by the collector at Mantes to the collector at Versailles is

stopped near the Marly water…works; by 8 or 10 armed brigands on

horseback。 … Similar facts abound。 It is evident that more than a year

is required to put an end to brigandage。 … It is always done by

employing an impartial military force。 (Rocquam; Ibid; p。 10。) 〃There

are at Marseilles three companies of paid national guards; 60 men

each; at a franc per man。 The fund for this guard is supplied by a

contribution of 5 francs a month paid by every man subject to this

duty who wishes to be exempt。 The officers 。 。 。 are all strangers in

the country。 Robberies; murders; and conflicts have ceased in

Marseilles since the establishment of this guard。〃



'9' Archives Nationales; 3144 and 3145; No。1004。 (Reports of the

councillors of State on mission during the year IX; published by

Rocquam; with omissions; among which is the following; in the report

of Fran?ois de Nantes。) 〃The steps taken by the mayors of Marseilles

are sufficiently effective to enable an émigré under surveillance and

just landed; to walk about Marseilles without being knocked down or

knocking anybody else down; an alternative to which they have been

thus far subject。 And yet there are in this town nearly 500 men who

have slaughtered with their own hands; or been the accomplices of

slaughterers; at different times during the Revolution。 。 。 。 The

inhabitants of this town are so accustomed to being annoyed and

despoiled; and to being treated like those of a rebellious town or

colony; that arbitrary power no longer frightens them; and they simply

ask that their lives and property be protected against murderers and

pillagers; and that things be entrusted to sure and impartial hands。〃



'10' Roederer; III。; 481。 (Report on the Sénatorerie of Caen; Germinal

2; year XIII。)… Faber; 〃Notice sur l'intérieur de la France〃(1807);

p。110; 112。  〃Justice is one of the bright sides of France of to…day。

It is costly; but it cannot be called venal。〃



'11' Rocquain; ibid。; 19。 (Report of Fran?ois de Nantes on the 8th

military division。) 〃For the past eighteen months a calm has prevailed

here equal to that which existed before the Revolution。 Balls and

parties have been resumed in the towns; while the old dances of

Provence; suspended for ten years; now gladden the people of the

country。〃



'12'  Proclamation to the French people; Dec。 15; 1799。



'13' See 〃The Revolution;〃 vol。 III。; p。292。 (Notes。) (Laff。  II; the

notes on pp。 218…219。)



'14' Decision of the Council of State; Pluvi?se 5; year VIII (Jan。 25;

1800)。



'15' Forneron; 〃Histoire générale des émigrés;〃 II。; 374。 In 1800; the

army of Condé still comprised 1007 officers and 5840 volunteers。



'16' Decrees of Brumaire 3; year IV; and of Frimaire 9; year VI。 (Cf。

〃The Revolution;〃 pp。433; 460。)



'17' Constitution of Frimaire 22; year VIII。 (December 13; 1799);

article 93。 〃The French nation declares that in no case will it suffer

the return of the Frenchmen who; having abandoned their country since

the 14th of July 1789; are not comprised in the exceptions made to the

laws rendered against émigrés。 It interdicts every new exception in

this respect。〃



'18' Opinion of the Council of State; Dec。 25; 1799。



'19' Resolution of Dec。 26; 1799。 … Two ultra…Jacobins; exiled after

Thermidor; are added to the list; Barère and Vadier; undoubtedly by

way of compensation and not to let it appear that the scales inclined

too much on one side。



'20' Resolution of Dec。 30; 1799。



'21' Resolutions of February 26; March 2; and March 3; 1800。



'22' Thibaudeau; 〃Mémoires sur le Consulat;〃 199。 (Stated by the First

Consul at Regnault at a meeting of the council of state; Aug。12;

1801。) 〃I am glad to hear the denunciation of striking off names。 How

many have you yourselves not asked for? It could not be otherwise。

Everybody has some relation or friend on the lists。〃



'23' Thibaudeau。 ibid。 (Speech by the First Consul。) 〃Never have there

been lists of émigrés;〃 there are only lists of absentees。 The proof

of this is that names have always been struck off。 I have seen members

of the Convention and even generals on the lists。 Citizen Monge was

inscribed。〃



'24' Thibaudeau; ibid。; 97。 … 〃The minister of police made a great hue

and cry over the arrest and sending back of a few émigrés who returned

without permission; or who annoyed the buyers of their property;

while; at the same time; it granted surveillance to all who asked for

it; paying no attention to the distinction made by the resolution of

Vendémiaire 28。〃



'25' Sénatus…consulte of April 26; 1802。



'26' Sénatus…consulte of April 26; 1802; title II。; articles 16 and

17。 … Gaudin; Duc de Ga?te; 〃Mémoires;〃

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