the origins of contemporary france-5-第55节

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obtaining　a　diploma　to　open　an　institution　shall　pay　from　400　to　600

francs　to　the　University；　likewise　every　person　obtaining　permission

to　lecture　on　law　or　medicine。＇133＇　　Every　student；　boarder；　half…

boarder　or　day…scholar　in　any　school；　institution；　seminary；　college

or　lycée；　must　pay　to　the　University　one…twentieth　of　the　sum　which

the　establishment　to　which　he　belongs　demands　of　each　of　its　pupils。

In　the　higher　schools；　in　the　faculties　of　law；　medicine；　science　and

literature；　the　students　pay　entrance　and　examination　fees　and　for

diplomas；　so　that　the　day　comes　when　superior　instruction　provides　for

its　expenditures　out　of　its　receipts　and　even　shows　on　its　budget　a

net　surplus　of　profit。　The　new　University；　with　its　expenses　thus

defrayed；　will　support　itself　alone；　accordingly；　all　that　the　State

really　grants　to　it；　as　a　veritable　gift；　in　ready　cash；　is　400；000

francs　annual　income　on　the　public　ledger；　a　little　less　than　the

donation　of　one　single　college；　Louis…le…Grand；　in　1789。＇134＇　It　may

even　be　said　that　it　is　exactly　the　fortune　of　the　old　college　which；

after　being　made　use　of　in　many　ways；　turned　aside　and　with　other

mischance；　becomes　the　patrimony　of　the　new　University。＇135＇　From

high…school　to　University；　the　State　has　effected　the　transfer。　Such

is　its　generosity。　This　is　especially　apparent　in　connection　with

primary　instruction；　in　1812；　for　the　first　time；　it　allows　25；000

francs　for　this　purpose；　of　which　only　4；500　are　received。＇136＇



Such　is　the　final　liquidation　of　the　great　collective　fortunes。　A

settlement　of　accounts；　an　express　or　tacit　bargain；　intervenes

between　the　State　and　all　institutions　for　instruction；　worship　and

charity。　It　has　taken　from　the　poor；　from　the　young　and　from

believers；　5　milliards　of　capital　and　270　millions　of　revenue；＇137＇　it

gives　back　to　them；　in　public　income　and　treasury　interest；　about　17

millions　per　annum。　As　it　has　the　might　and　makes　the　law　it　has　no

difficulty　in　obtaining　or　in　giving　itself　its　own　discharge；　it　is　a

bankrupt　who；　having　spent　his　creditors　money；　bestows　on　these　6％。

of　their　claim　by　way　of　alms。



Naturally；　it　takes　the　opportunity　to　bring　them　under　its　strict　and

permanent　dependence；　in　adding　other　claims　to　those　with　which　the

old　monarchy　had　already　burdened　the　corporations　that　administered

collective　fortunes。　Napoleon　increases　the　weight　of　these　chains　and

screws　them　tighter。　Not　only　does　he　take　it　upon　himself　to　impose

order；　probity；　and　economy　on　the　administrators；　but；　again；　he

appoints　them；　dismisses　them；　and　prescribes　or　authorizes　each　of

their　acts。　He　puts　words　in　their　mouths；　he　wants　to　be　the　great

bishop；　the　universal　genius；　the　sole　tutor　and　professor；　in　short；

the　dictator　of　opinion；　the　creator　and　director　of　every　political；

social　and　moral　idea　throughout　his　empire。　…　With　what　rigidity　and

pertinacious　intent；　with　what　variety　and　convergence　of　means；　with

what　plenitude　and　certainty　of　execution；　with　what　detriment　and

with　what　danger；　present　and　to　come；　for　corporations；　for　the

public；　for　the　State；　for　himself；　we　shall　see　presently；　he

himself；　living　and　reigning；　is　to　realize　this。　For　his

interference；　pushed　to　extremes；　is　to　end　in　encountering　resistance

in　a　body　which　he　considers　as　his　own　creature；　the　Church：　here；

forgetting　that　she　has　roots　of　her　own；　deep　down　and　out　of　his

reach；　he　carries　off　the　Pope；　holds　him　captive；　sends　cardinals

into　the　interior；　（Page　198/504）imprisons　bishops；　banishes　priests；

and　incorporates　seminarians　in　his　regiments。＇138＇　　　He　decrees　the

closing　of　all　small　seminaries；＇139＇　alienates　forever　the　Catholic

clergy　like　the　royalist　nobility；　precisely　at　the　same　moment　and

through　the　same　absolutism；　through　the　same　abuse　of　power；　through

the　same　recurrence　to　revolutionary　tradition；　to　Jacobin　infatuation

and　brutality；　even　to　the　frustration　of　his　Concordat　of　1802　as

with　his　amnesty　of　1802；　even　to　compromising　his　capital　work　of　the

attempted　reconciliation　and　reunion　of　old　France　with　the　new

France。　His　work；　nevertheless；　although　incomplete；　even　interrupted

and　marred　by　himself；　remains　substantial　and　salutary。　The　three

grand　machines　which　the　Revolution　had　demolished　with　so　little

foresight；　and　which　he　had　reconstructed　at　so　little　cost；　are　in

working　order；　and；　with　deviations　or　shortcomings　in　result；　they

render　to　the　public　the　required　services；　each　its　own；　worship；

charity　and　instruction。　Full　toleration　and　legal　protection　to　the

three　leading　Christian　cults；　and　even　to　Judaism；　would　of　itself

already　satisfy　the　most　sensitive　of　religious　demands；　owing　to　the

donation　furnished　by　the　State　and　communes　and　by　private

individuals；　the　necessary　complement　is　not　wanting。



The　Catholic　community；　in　particular；　the　most　numerous　of　all；

exercises　and　celebrates　its　system　of　worship　in　conformity　with　its

faith；　according　to　ecclesiastical　canons　under　its　own　orthodox

hierarchy；　in　each　parish；　or　within　reach　of　each　parish；　dwells　one

authorized　priest　who　administers　valid　sacraments；　in　his　stole　he

says　mass　publicly　in　a　consecrated　edifice；　plainly　decorated　at

first　but　gradually　beautified；　not　less　publicly；　various

congregations　of　monks　and　nuns；　the　former　in　black　robes　and　the

〃sisters　in　wimples　and　white　caps；　serve　in　the　schools　and　asylums。



On　the　other　hand；　in　these　well…equipped　and　well…governed　asylums

and　hospitals；　in　the　bureaux　of　charity；　their　resources　are　no

longer　inferior　to　their　needs；　while　Christian　charity　and

philanthropic　generosity　are　constantly　operating　in　all　directions　to

fill　the　empty　drawers；　legacies　and　private　donations；　after　1802；

authorized　by　the　Council　of　State；　multiply；　we　see　them　swelling　the

pages　of　the　〃Bulletin　des　Lois。〃＇140＇　From　1800　to　1845；　the

hospitals　and　asylums　are　thus　to　receive　more　than　72　millions；　and

the　charity　bureaux　over　49　millions；　from　1800　to　1878；　all　together

will　thus　receive　more　than　415　millions。＇141＇　The　old　patrimony　of

the　poor　is　again　reconstituted　piece　by　piece；　and　on　January　1st；

1833；　asylums　and　hospitals；　with　their　51　millions　of　revenue；　are

able　to　support　154；000　elderly　and　the　sickly。＇142＇



Like　public　charity；　public　education　again　becomes　effective；

Fourcroy；　after　1806；＇143＇　lists　29　organized　and　full　lycées；　besides

these；　370　communal　secondary　schools　and　377　private　secondary

schools　are　open　and　receive　50；200；　there　are　25；000　children　in　the

4500　schools。　Finally；　in　1815；＇144＇　we　find　in　France；　restored　to

its　ancient　boundaries；　12　faculties　of　Law　or　Medicine　with　6；329

students；　36　lycées　with　9000　pupils；　368　colleges　with　28；000　pupils；

41　small　seminaries　with　5233　pupils；　1255　boarding…schools　and

private　institutions　with　39；623　pupils；　and　22；348　primary　schools

with　737；369　scholars；　as　far　as　can　be　gathered；　the　proportion　of

men　and　women　able　to　read　and　to　sign　their　name　is　raised　under　the

empire　up　to　and　beyond　the　figures＇145＇　it　had　reached　previous　to

1789。



In　this　manner　are　the　worst　damages　repaired。　The　three　new

administrative　services；　with　a　different　set…up；　do　the　job　of　the

old　ones　and；　at　the　expiration　of　twenty…five　years；　give　an　almost

equal　return。　…　In　sum；　the　new　proprietor　of　the　great　structure

sacked　by　the　Revolution　has　again　set　up　the　indispensable　apparatus

for　warming；　lighting　and　ventilation；　as　he　knows　his　own　interests

perfectly；　and　is　poorly　off　in　ready　money；　he　contributes　only　a

minimum　of　the　expense；　in　other　respects；　he　has　grouped　together　his

tenants　into　syndicates；　into　barracks；　in　apartments；　and；

voluntarily　or　involuntarily；　he　has　put　upon　them　the　burden　of　cost。

In　the　meantime；　he　has　kept　the　three　keys　of　the　three　engines　in

his　own　cabinet；　in　his　own　hands；　for　himself　alone；　henceforth；　it

is　he　who　distributes　throughout　the　building；　on　each　story　and　in

every　room；　light；　air　and　heat。　If　he　does　not　distribute　the　same

quantity　as　before　he　at　least　distributes　whatever　is　necessary；　the

tenants　can；　at　last；　breathe　comfortably；　see　clearly　and　not　shiver；

after　ten　years　of　suffocation；　darkness　and　cold　they　are　too　well

satisfied　to　wrangle　with　the　proprietor；　discuss　his　ways；　and

dispute　over　the　monopoly　by　which　he　has　constituted　himself　the

arbitrator　of　their　wants。　…　The　same　thing　is　done　in　the　material

order　of　things；　in　relation　to　the　highways；　dikes；　canals；　and

structures　useful　to　the　people：　here　also　he　repairs　or　creates

through　the　same　despotic　initiative；



*　with　the　same　economy；＇146＇

*　the　same　apportionment　of　expense；＇147＇

*　the　same　spontaneous　or　forced　aid　to　those　interested；

*　the　same　practical　efficiency。＇148＇



Summing　it　up　and　if　we　take　things　as　a　whole；　and　if　we　offset　the

wors