the origins of contemporary france-5-第46节

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institution；　letter　of　the　bishop　Dionysius。）



＇33＇　〃Digest；〃　I。；　4；　I。：　〃Quod　principi　placuit　legis　habet　vigorem；

utpote；　cum　lege　regia；　qu？　de　imperio　ejus　lata　est；　populus　ei　et　in

eum　omne　suum　imperium　et　potestatem　conferat。　Quodcumque　igitur

imperator　per　epistolam　et　subscriptionem　statuit；　vel　cognoscens

decrevit；　vel　de　plano　interlocutus　est；　vel　edicto　pr？cepit；　legis

habet　vigorem。〃　（Extracts　from　Ulpian。）　…　Gaius；　Institutes；　I。；　5：

〃Quod　imperator　constituit；　non　dubium　est　quin　id　vicem　legis

obtineat；　quum　ipse　imperator　per　legem　imperium　obtineat。〃



＇34＇　　〃Digest；〃　I；　2。　（Extracts　from　Ulpian）：　〃Jus　est　a　justitia

appellatum；　nam；　ut　eleganter　Celsus　definit；　jus　est　ars　boni　et

？qui。　Cujus　merito　quis　nos　sacerdotes　appellat：　justitiam　namque

colimus；　et　boni　et　？qui　notitiam　profitemur；　？quum　ab　iniquo

separantes；　licitum　ab　illicito　discernentes；　。　。　。　veram；　nisi

fallor；　philosophiam；　non　simulatam　affectantes。　。　。　。　Juris　pr？cepta

sunt　h？c：　honeste　vivere；　alterum　non　1？dere；　suum　cuique　tribuere。〃　…

cf。　Duruy；　12th　period；　ch。　87。



＇35＇　Cf。；　on　this　immemorial　principle　of　the　entire　body　of　Roman

public　law；　cf。　Fustel　de　Coulanges；　〃Histoire　des　institutions

politiques　et　privées　de　l'ancienne　France；〃　vol。　I。；　book　II。；　ch。　I；

p。66　and　following　pages。



＇36＇　Read　the　〃Notitia　dignitatum　tam　civilium　quam　militarium　in

partibus　orientis　et　occidentis。〃　It　is　the　imperial　almanac　for　the

beginning　of　the　fifth　century。　There　are　eleven　ministers　at　the

centre；　each　with　his　bureaux；　divisions；　subdivisions　and　squads　of

superposed　functionaries；



＇37＇　Cf。　Piranesi's　engravings。



38　Cf。；　among　other　clues　see　Dante's：　〃De　Monarchia〃。



＇39＇　We　can　trace　in　Napoleon's　brain　and　date　the　formation　of　this

leading　idea。　At　first；　it　is　simply　a　classic　reminiscence；　as　with

his　contemporaries；　but　suddenly　it　takes　a　turn　and　has　an

environment　in　his　mind　which　is　lacking　in　theirs；　and　which　prevents

the　idea　from　remaining　a　purely　literary　phrase。　From　the　beginning

he　speaks　of　Rome　in　the　fashion　of　a　Rienzi。　（Proclamation　of　May　20；

1796。）　〃We　are　the　friends　of　every　people；　and　especially　of　the

Brutuses；　the　Scipios；　and　of　the　great　men　whom　we　have　chosen　as

models。　　To　re…establish　the　Capitol；　to　place　there　with　honor　the

statues　of　heroes　who　render　it　famous；　to　arouse　the　Roman　people

benumbed　by　centuries　of　slavery；　such　will　be　the　fruit　of　our

victories。〃　…　Fifteen　months　afterwards；　on　becoming　master　of　Italy；

his　historic　meditations　turn　into　positive　ambition　henceforth；　the

possession　of　Italy　and　of　the　Mediterranean　is　to　be　with　him　a

central　and　preponderant　idea。　（Letter　to　the　Directory；　Aug。　16；

1797；　and　correspondence　on　the　subject　of　Corsica；　Sardinia；　Naples；

and　Genoa；　letters　to　the　pasha　of　Scutari；　to　the　Maniotes；　etc。）

〃The　islands　of　Corfu；　Zante；　and　Cephalonia　are　of　more　interest　to

us　than　all　Italy　put　together。　。　。　。　The　Turkish　empire　is　daily

tottering；　the　possession　of　these　islands　will　enable　us　to　support

it　as　long　as　possible；　or　to　take　our　portion　of　it。　The　time　is　not

remote　when　we　shall　feel　that；　for　the　real　destruction　of　England；

we　must　get　possession　of　Egypt。〃　Formerly；　the　Mediterranean　was　a

Roman　lake；　it　must　become　a　French　lake。　（Cf。　〃Souvenirs　d'un

Sexagénaire；〃　by　Arnault；　vol。　IV。；　p。102；　on　his　dream；　in　1798；　of

making　Paris　a　colossal　Rome。）　…　At　this　same　date；　his　conception　of

the　State　is　fixed　and　wholly　Roman。　（Conversations　with　Miot；　June

1797；　and　letter　to　Talleyrand；　Sep。　19；　1797。）　〃I　do　not　see　but　one

thing　in　fifty　years　well　defined；　and　that　is　the　sovereignty　of　the

people。　。　。　。　The　organization　of　the　French　nation　is　still　only

sketched　out。　。　。　。The　power　of　the　government；　with　the　full　latitude

I　give　to　it；　should　be　considered　as　really　representing　the　nation。〃

In　this　government；　〃the　legislative　power；　without　rank　in　the

republic；　deaf　and　blind　to　all　around　it；　would　not　be　ambitious　and

would　no　longer　inundate　us　with　a　thousand　chance　laws；　worthless　on

account　of　their　absurdity。〃　It　is　evident　that　he　describes　in

anticipation　his　future　senate　and　legislative　corps。　…　Repeatedly；

the　following　year；　and　during　the　expedition　into　Egypt；　he　presents

the　Romans　as　an　example　to　his　soldiers；　and　views　himself　as　a

successor　to　Scipio　and　C？sar。　…　（Proclamation　of　June　22；　1798。）：　〃Be

as　tolerant　to　the　ceremonies　enjoined　by　the　Koran　as　you　are　for　the

religion　of　Moses　and　Jesus。　The　Roman　legions　protected　all

religions。〃　…　（Proclamation　of　May　10；　1798。）　〃　The　Roman　legions　that

you　have　often　imitated　but　not　yet　equaled　fought　Carthage　in　turn　on

this　wall　and　in　the　vicinity　of　Zama。〃　…　Carthage　at　this　time　is

England：　his　hatred　of　this　community　of　merchants　which　destroys　his

fleet　at　Aboukir；　which　forces　him　to　raise　the　siege　of　Saint…Jean

d'Acre；　which　holds　on　to　Malta；　which　robs　him　of　his　substance；　his

patrimony；　his　Mediterranean；　is　that　of　a　Roman　consul　against

Carthage；　it　leads　him　to　conquer　all　western　Europe　against　her　and

to　〃resuscitate　the　empire　of　the　Occident。〃　（Note　to　Otto；　his

ambassador　at　London；　Oct。。　23；　1802。）　…　Emperor　of　the　French；　king

of　Italy；　master　of　Rome；　suzerain　of　the　Pope；　protector　of　the

confederation　of　the　Rhine；　he　succeeds　the　German　emperors；　the

titularies　of　the　Holy　Roman　Empire　which　has　just　ended　in　1806；　he

is　accordingly　the　heir　of　Charlemagne　and；　through　Charlemagne；　the

heir　of　the　ancient　C？sars。　…　In　fact；　he　reproduces　the　work　of　the

ancient　C？sars　by　analogies　of　imagination；　situation　and　character；

but　in　a　different　Europe；　and　where　this　posthumous　reproduction　can

be　only　an　anachronism。



＇40＇　〃Correspondance；〃　note　for　M。　Cretet；　minister　of　the　interior；

April　12；　1808。



＇41＇　Metternich；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。；　107　（Conversations　with　Napoleon；；

1810）：　〃I　was　surprised　to　find　that　this　man；　so　wonderfully　endowed；

had　such　completely　false　ideas　concerning　England；　its　vital　forces

and　intellectual　progress。　He　would　not　admit　any　ideas　contrary　to

his　own；　and　sought　to　explain　these　by　prejudices　which　he

condemned。〃　…　Cf。　Forsyth；　〃History　of　the　Captivity　of　Napoleon　at

Saint…Helena；〃　III。；　306；　（False　calculations　of　Napoleon　at　Saint…

Helena　based　on　his　ignorance　of　the　English　parliamentary　system；）

and　Stanislas　Girardin；　III。；　296；　（Words　of　the　First　Consul；　Floreal

24；　year　XI；　quoted　above。）



＇42＇　Cf。；　amongst　other　documents；　his　letter　to　Jerome；　King　of

Westphalia；　October　15；　1807；　and　the　constitution　he　gives　to　that

kingdom　on　that　date；　and　especially　titles　4　to　12：　〃The　welfare　of

your　people　concerns　me；　not　only　through　the　influence　it　may

exercise　on　your　fame　and　my　own；　but　likewise　from　the　point　of　view

of　the　general　European　system。　。　。　。　Individuals　who　have　talent　and

are　not　noble　must　enjoy　equal　consideration　and　employment　from　you。

。　。　。　Let　every　species　of　serfage　and　of　intermediary　lien　between

the　sovereign　and　the　lowest　class　of　people　be　abolished。　The

benefits　of　the　code　Napoleon；　the　publicity　of　proceedings；　the

establishment　of　juries；　will　form　so　many　distinctive　characteristics

of　your　monarchy。〃　…　His　leading　object　is　the　suppression　of

feudalism；　that　is　to　say；　of　the　great　families　and　old　historic

authorities。　He　relies　for　this　especially　on　his　civil　code：　〃That　is

the　great　advantage　of　the　code；　。　。　。　it　is　what　has　induced　me　to

preach　a　civil　code　and　made　me　decide　on　establishing　it。〃　（Letter　to

Joseph；　King　of　Naples；　June　5；　1806。）　…　〃The　code　Napoleon　is　adopted

throughout　Italy。　Florence　has　it；　and　Rome　will　soon　have　it。〃

（Letter　to　Joachim；　King　of　the　Two　Sicilies；　Nov。　27；　1808。）　…　〃　My

intention　is　to　have　the　Hanseatic　towns　adopt　the　code　Napoleon　and

be　governed　by　it　from　and　after　the　1st　of　January。〃　…　The　same　with

Dantzic：　〃Insinuate　gently　and　not　by　writing　to　the　King　of　Bavaria；

the　Prince…primate；　the　grand…dukes　of　Hesse…Darmstadt　and　of　Baden；

that　the　civil　code　should　be　established　in　their　states　by

suppressing　all　customary　law　and　confining　themselves　wholly　to　the

code　Napoleon。〃　（Letter　to　M。　de　Champagny；　Oct。　31；　1807。）　…　〃　The

Romans　gave　their　laws　to　their　allies。　Why　should　not　France　have　its

laws　adopted　in　Holland？　。　。　。　It　is　equally　essential　that　you　should

adopt　the　French　monetary　system。〃　（Letter　to　Louis；　King　of　Holland；

Nov。　13；　1807。）　　…　To　the　Spaniards：　〃Your　nephews　will　honor　me　as

their　regenerator。〃　（Allocution　addressed　to　Madrid　Dec。　9；　1808。）　　…

〃Spain　must　be　French。　The　country　must　be　French　and　the　government

must　be　French。〃　（Roederer；　III。；　529；　536；　words　of　Napoleon；　Feb。

11；　1809。）　…　In　short；　following　the　example　of　Rome；　which　had

Latinized　the　entire　Mediterranean　coast；　he　wanted　to　render　all

western　Europe　French。　The　object　was；　as　he　d