the origins of contemporary france-5-第45节

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this　date：　〃In　France　everything　is　based　on　the　will　of　the　king。

Nobody；　whatever　might　be　his　conscientious　scruples；　would　dare

express　an　opinion　opposed　to　his。　The　French　respect　their　king　to

such　an　extent　that　they　would　not　only　sacrifice　their　property　for

him；　but　again　their　souls。〃　（Janssen；　〃L'Allemagne　à　la　fin　du　moyen

age。　I。　484。）　…　As　to　the　passage　of　the　monarchical　to　the　democratic

idea；　we　see　it　plainly　in　the　following　quotations　from　Restif　de　la

Bretonne：　〃I　entertained　no　doubt　that　the　king　could　legally　oblige

any　man　to　give　me　his　wife　or　his　daughter；　and　everybody　in　my

village　（Sacy　in　Burgundy）　thought　so　too。〃　（〃Monsieur　Nicolas；〃　I。；

443。）　…　In　relation　to　the　September　massacres：　〃No；　I　do　not　pity

them；　those　fanatical　priests。　。　。　When　a　community　or　its　majority

wants　anything；　it　is　right。　The　minority　is　always　culpable；　even

when　right　morally。　Common　sense　is　that　is　needed　to　appreciate　that

truth。　It　is　indisputable　that　the　nation　has　the　power　to　sacrifice

even　an　innocent　person。〃　（〃Nuits　de　Paris；〃　XVth；　p。377。）



＇19＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　III。；　393。　（Laff。　II。　p。　291）



＇20＇　〃Contrat　Social；〃　book　1st；　ch。　III。：　〃It　is　accordingly

essential　that；　for　the　enunciation　of　the　general　will；　no　special

organization　should　exist　in　the　State；　and　that　the　opinion　of　each

citizen　should　accord　with　that。　Such　was　the　unique　and　sublime　law

of　the　great　Lycurgus。〃



＇21＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　I。；　170。　（Laff。　I。　433。）



＇22＇　Ibid。；　II。；　93；　III。；　78…82。　（Laff。　I。　p。　632　and　II。　pp。　65…68。）



＇23＇　〃Correspondance　de　Mirabeau　et　du　Comte　de　la　Marck；〃II。；　74

（Letter　of　Mirabeau　to　the　King；　July　3；　1790）：　〃Compare　the　new　state

of　things　with　the　ancient　régime。　。　。　。　One　portion　of　the　acts　of

the　national　assembly　（and　that　the　largest）　is　evidently　favorable　to

monarchical　government。　Is　it　to　have　nothing；　then；　to　have　no

parliaments；　no　provincial　governments；　no　privileged　classes；　no

clerical　bodies；　no　nobility？　The　idea　of　forming　one　body　of　citizens

would　have　pleased　Richelieu：　this　equalized　surface　facilitates　the

exercise　of　power。　Many　years　of　absolute　rule　could　not　have　done　so

much　for　royal　authority　as　this　one　year　of　revolution。〃　…　Sainte…

Beuve；　〃Port…Royal；〃　V。；　25　（M。　Harlay　conversing　with　the　supérieure

of　Port…Royal）：　〃People　are　constantly　talking　about　Port…Royal；　about

these　Port…Royal　gentlemen：　the　King　dislikes　whatever　excites　talk。

Only　lately　he　caused　M。　Arnaud　to　be　informed　that　he　did　not　approve

of　the　meetings　at　his　house；　that　there　is　no　objection　to　his　seeing

all　sorts　of　people　indifferently　like　everybody　else；　but　why　should

certain　persons　always　be　found　in　his　rooms　and　such　an　intimate

association　among　these　gentlemen？　。　。　。　The　King　does　not　want　any

rallying　point；　a　headless　assemblage　in　a　State　is　always

dangerous。〃…　Ibid。；　p。33：　〃The　reputation　of　this　establishment　was

too　great。　People　were　anxious　to　put　their　children　in　it。　Persons　of

rank　sent　theirs　there。　Everybody　expressed　satisfaction　with　it。　This

provided　it　with　friends　who　joined　those　of　the　establishment　and　who

together　formed　a　platoon　against　the　State。　The　King　would　not

consent　to　this：　he　regarded　such　unions　as　dangerous　in　a　State。〃



＇24＇　〃Napoleon　Ire　et　ses　lois　civiles；〃　by　Honoré　Pérouse；　280：　Words

of　Napoleon：　〃I　have　for　a　long　time　given　a　great　deal　of　thought　and

calculation　to　the　re…establishment　of　the　social　edifice。　I　am　to…day

obliged　to　watch　over　the　maintenance　of　public　liberty。　I　have　no

idea　of　the　French　people　becoming　serfs。〃　…〃The　prefects　are　wrong　in

straining　their　authority。〃　…　〃The　repose　and　freedom　of　citizens

should　not　depend　on　the　exaggeration　or　arbitrariness　of　a　mere

administrator。〃　…　〃Let　authority　be　felt　by　the　people　as　little　as

possible　and　not　bear　down　on　them　needlessly。〃　…　（Letters　of　January

15；　1806；　March　6；　1807；　January　12；　1809；　to　Fouché；　and　of　March　6；

1807；　to　Regnault。）　…Thibaudeau；　〃Mémoires　sur　le　Consulat；〃　P。　178

（Words　of　the　first　consul　before　the　council　of　state）：　　〃True　civil

liberty　depends　on　the　security　of　property。　In　no　country　can　the

rate　of　the　tax…payer　be　changed　every　year。　A　man　with　3000　francs

income　does　not　know　how　much　he　will　have　left　to　live　on　the

following　year；　his　entire　income　may　be　absorbed　by　the　assessment　on

it。　。　。　A　mere　clerk；　with　a　dash　of　his　pen；　may　overcharge　you

thousands　of　francs。。。　Nothing　has　ever　been　done　in　France　in　behalf

of　real　estate。　Whoever　has　a　good　law　passed　on　the　cadastre

（official　valuation　of　all　the　land　in　France）　will　deserve　a　statue。〃



＇25＇　Honoré　Pérouse；　Ibid；　274　（Speech　of　Napoleon　to　the　council　of

state　on　the　law　on　mines）：〃　〃Myself；　with　many　armies　at　my

disposition；　I　could　not　take　possession　of　any　one's　field；　for　the

violation　of　the　right　of　property　in　one　case　would　be　violating　it

in　all。　The　secret　is　to　have　mines　become　actual　property；　and　hence

sacred　in　fact　and　by　law。〃　…　Ibid。；　279：〃　〃What　is　the　right　of

property？　It　is　not　only　the　right　of　using　but；　again；　of　abusing　it。

。　。　。　One　must　always　keep　in　mind　the　advantage　of　owning　property。

The　best　protection　to　the　owner　of　property　is　the　interest　of　the

individual；　one　may　always　rely　on　his　activity。　。　。　。　A　government

makes　a　great　mistake　in　trying　to　be　too　paternal；　liberty　and

property　are　both　ruined　by　over…solicitude。〃　…〃If　the　government

prescribes　the　way　in　which　property　shall　be　used　it　no　longer

exists。〃。　…　Ibid。；　284　（Letters　of　Aug。21　and　Sept。　7；　1809；　on

expropriations　by　public　authority）：　〃It　is　indispensable　that　the

courts　should　supervise；　stop　expropriation；　receive　complaints　of　and

guarantee　property…owners　against　the　enterprises　of　our　prefects；　our

prefecture　councils　and　all　other　agents。　。　。　。　Expropriation　is　a

judicial　proceeding。。　。　。　I　cannot　conceive　how　France　can　have

proprietors　if　anybody　can　be　deprived　of　his　field　simply　by　an

administrative　decision。〃　…　In　relation　to　the　ownership　of　mines；　to

the　cadastre；　to　expropriation；　and　to　the　portion　of　property　which　a

man　might　bequeath；　Napoleon　was　more　liberal　than　his　jurists。　Madame

de　Sta？l；　〃Dix　années　d'exil；〃　ch。　XVIII。　（Napoleon　conversing　with

the　tribune　Gallois）：　〃Liberty　consists　of　a　good　civil　code；　while

modern　nations　care　for　nothing　but　property。〃　　…　〃Correspondance；〃

letter　to　Fouché；　Jan。　15；　1805。　（This　letter　gives　a　good　summary　of

his　ideas　on　government。）　〃In　France；　whatever　is　not　forbidden　is

allowed；　and　nothing　can　be　forbidden　except　by　the　laws；　by　the

courts；　or　police　measures　in　all　matters　relating　to　public　order　and

morality。〃



＇26＇　Roederer；　〃？uvres　complètes；〃　III。；　339　（Speech　by　the　First

Consul；　October　21；　1800）：　〃Rank；　now；　is　a　recompense　for　every

faithful　service　…　the　great　advantage　of　equality；　which　has

converted　20；000　lieutenancies；　formerly　useless　in　relation　to

emulation；　into　the　legitimate　ambition　and　honorable　reward　of

400；000　soldiers。〃　…　Lafayette；　〃Mémoires；〃　V。；　350：　〃Under　Napoleon；

the　soldiers　said；　he　has　been　promoted　King　of　Naples；　of　Holland；　of

Sweden；　or　of　Spain；　as　formerly　it　was　said　that　a　than　had　been

promoted　sergeant　in　this　or　that　company。〃



＇27＇　〃The　Ancient　Régime；〃　book　I。；　ch　。2；　the　Structure　of　Society；

especially　pp。19…21。　（Laff。　I。　p。　21…22）



＇28＇　Mémorial　de　Sainte…Hélène〃　…　Napoleon；　speaking　of　his　imperial

organization；　said　that　he　had　made　the　most　compact　government；　one

with　the　quickest　circulation　and　the　most　nervous　energy；　that　ever

existed。　And；　he　remarked；　nothing　but　this　would　have　answered　in

overcoming　the　immense　difficulties　around　us；　and　for　effecting　the

wonderful　things　we　accomplished。　The　organization　of　prefectures；

their　action；　their　results；　were　admirable　and　prodigious。　The　same

impulsion　affected　at　the　same　time　more　than　forty　millions　of　men；

and；　aided　by　centers　of　local　activity；　the　action　was　as　rapid　at

every　extremity　as　at　the　heart。〃



＇29＇　〃The　Ancient　Régime；〃　book　III。；　chs。　2　and　3。　（Laff。　I；　pp。　139

to　151　and　pp。　153　to　172。）



＇30＇　Gibbon；　〃Decline　and　Fall　of　the　Roman　Empire；〃　chs。　I；　2；　3；　and

13。　…　Duruy；　Histoire　des　Romains〃　（illustrated　edition）；　tenth

period；　chs。　82；　83；　84；　and　85；　twelfth　period；　chs。　95　and　99；

fourteenth　period；　ch。　104。　…　（The　reader　will　find　in　these　two

excellent　works　the　texts　and　monuments　indicated　to　which　it　is

necessary　to　resort　for　a　direct　and　satisfactory　impression。）



＇31＇　See　in　Plutarch　（Principles　of　Political　Government）　the

situation　of　a　Greek　city　under　the　Antonines。



＇32＇　Gibbon；　ch。　10。　…　Duruy；　ch。　95。　（Decrease　of　the　population　of

Alexandria　under　Gallien；　according　to　the　registers　of　the　alimentary

institution；　letter　of　the　bishop　Dionysius。）



＇33＇　〃Digest；〃　I。；　4；　I。：　〃Quod　principi　placuit　le