太子爷小说网 > 英语电子书 > the origins of contemporary france-5 >

第105节

the origins of contemporary france-5-第105节

小说: the origins of contemporary france-5 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!






'14' De Foville; p。419。  (In 1889。)



'15' Cf ante; on the characteristics of indirect taxation。



'16' Here it is the estimated rent; which stands to the real rent as

four to five ; an estimated rent of 400 francs indicates a real rent

of 500 francs。



'17' De Foville; p。57。



'18' Paul Leroy…Beaulieu;〃 Essai sur la répartition de richesses;〃 p。

174。



'19' Ibid。; p。209: In 1878; in Paris; 74;000 houses with 1;022;539

rentals; 337;587 being for trade and commerce; and 684;952 for

dwelling purposes。  Among the latter; 468;641 have a locative value

inferior to 300 francs a year; 74;360 are between 500 and 750 francs ;

21;147 are between 750 and 1000 francs。  All these lodgings are more

or less exempt from the personal tax: those between 1000 and 400

francs pay it with a more or less great reduction: those under 400

francs pay nothing。  Above 1000 francs; we find 17;202 apartments from

between 1000 and 1250 francs ;  6198 from between 1250 and 1500

francs; 21;453 from 1500 to 3000 francs。  These apartments are

occupied by more or less well…to…do people。 … 14;858 apartments above

3000 francs are occupied by the richer or the wealthy class。  Among

the latter 9985 are from 3000 to 6000; 3040 are from 6000 to 10;000;

1443 are from 10;000 to 20;000; 421 are above 20;000 francs。  These

two latter categories are occupied by the really opulent class。 …

According to the latest statistics; instead of 684;952 dwelling

rentals there are 806;187; of which 727;419 are wholly or partly free

of the personal tax。  (〃Situation au 1ère Janvier; 1888;〃 report by M。

Lamouroux; conseiller…municipal。)



'20' The following appropriations for 1889 are printed on my tax…bill:

〃To the State; 51 %。; to the Department; 21 % ; to the commune; 25 %。〃

On business permits: 〃To the State; 64 %。; to the Department; 12 %。;

to the commune; 20 %。 The surplus of taxes is appropriated to the

benevolent fund and for remission of taxes。〃



'21' Paul Leroy…Beaulieu; 〃Traité de la science des finances;〃 I。; pp。

367…368: 〃In communes under 5000 inhabitants the principal of the tax

on doors and windows is; for houses with one opening; 0 fr。 30 per

annum ; for those with four openings; 1 fr。 60。〃 Now; 〃a house with

five openings pays nearly nine times as much as a house with one

opening。〃 The small taxpayers are accordingly largely relieved at the

expense of those who pay heavy and average taxes; the magnitude of

this relief being appreciable by the following figures: In 1885; out

of 8;975;166 houses; 248;352 had one opening; 1;827;104 two openings;

1;624;516 three openings; and 1;165;902 four openings。  More than one…

half of the houses; all of those belonging to the poor or straitened;

are thus relieved; while the other half; since the tax is an impost;

not a quota; but an apportionment; is overcharged as much。



'22' One result of this principle is; that the poor who are exempt

from taxation or who are on the poor list have no vote; which is the

case in England and in Prussia。 … Through another result of the same

principle; the law of May 15; 1818; in France; summoned the heaviest

taxpayers; in equal number with the members of the municipal council;

to deliberate with it every time that 〃a really urgent expenditure〃

obliged the commune to raise extra additional centimes beyond the

usual 0 fr。 05。 〃Thus;〃 says Henrion de Pancey (〃Du pouvoir

municipal;〃 p。109); 〃the members of the municipal councils belong to

the class of small land…owners; at least in a large number of

communes; voted the charges without examination which only affected

them insensibly。〃 …  This last refuge of distributive justice was

abolished by the law of April 5; 1882。



'23' Max Leclerc; 〃Le Vie municipale en Prusse。〃 (Extrait des 〃Annales

de l'Ecole libre des sciences politique;〃 1889; a study on the town of

Bonn。) At Bonn; which has a population of 35;810 inhabitants; the

first group is composed of 167 electors: the second; of 471; the

third; of 2607; each group elects 8 municipal councilors out of 24。



'24' De Foville; 〃La France économique;〃 p。 16 (census of 1881)。 …

Number of communes; 36;097; number below 1000 inhabitants; 27;503;

number below 500 inhabitants; 16;870。 … What is stated applies partly

to the two following categories:  1st; communes from 1000 to 1500

inhabitants; 2982; 2nd; communes from 1500 to 2000 inhabitants; 1917。

… All the communes below 2000 inhabitants are counted as rural in the

statistics of population; and they number 33;402。



'25' See Paul Leroy…Beaulieu; 〃L'état moderne et ses fonctions;〃 p。

169。 〃The various groups of inhabitants; especially in the country; do

not know how to undertake or agree upon anything of themselves。 I have

seen villages of two or three hundred people belonging to a large

scattered commune wait patiently for years and humbly petition for aid

in constructing an indispensable fountain; which required only a

contribution of 200 or 300 francs; 5 francs per head; to put up。 I

have seen others possessing only one road on which to send off their

produce and unable to act in concert; when; with an outlay of 2000

francs; and 200 or 300 francs a year to keep it in order; it would

easily suffice for all their requirements。 I speak of regions

relatively rich; much better off than the majority of communes in

France。〃



'26' In French villages; on one of the walls of a public building on

the square are notices of all kinds; of interest to the inhabitants;

and among these; in a frame behind a wire netting; the latest copy of

the government official newspaper; giving authentic political items;

those which it thinks best for the people to read。 (Tr。)



'27' On the communal system in France; and on the reforms which;

following the example of other nations; might be introduced into it;

cf。 Joseph Ferrand (formerly a prefect); 〃Les Institutions

administratives en France et à l'étranger〃; Rudolph Gneist;  〃Les

Réformes administratives en Prusse accomplies par la legislation de

1872;〃 (especially the institution of Amtsvorsteher; for the union of

communes or circumscriptions of about 1500 souls); the Duc de Broglie;

〃Vues sur le gouvernement de la France〃 (especially on the reforms

that should be made in the administration of the commune and canton);

p。 21。 … 〃Deprive communal magistrates of their quality as government

agents; separate the two orders of functions; have the public

functionary whose duty it is to see that the laws are executed in the

communes; the execution of general laws and the decisions of the

superior authority carried out; placed at the county town。〃



'28' De Foville; ibid。; p。 16。 … The remarks here made apply to towns

of the foregoing category (from 5000 to 10;000 souls); numbering 312。

A last category comprises towns from 2000 to 5000 souls; numbering

2160; and forming the last class of urban populations; these; through

their mixed character; assimilate to the 1817 communes containing from

1500 to 2000 inhabitants; forming the first category of the rural

populations。



'29' Max Leclerc; 〃La Vie municipale en Prusse;〃 p 17。 … In Prussia;

this directing mind is called 〃the magistrate;〃 as in our northern and

northeastern communes。  In eastern Prussia; the 〃magistrate〃 is a

collective body; for example; at Berlin; it comprises 34 persons; of

which 17 are specialists; paid and engaged for twelve years; and 17

without pay。 In western Prussia; the municipal management consists

generally of an individual; the burgomaster; salaried and engaged for

twelve years。



'30' Max Leclerc; ibid。; p。20。 … 〃The present burgomaster in Bonn was

burgomaster at Münchens…Gladbach; before being called to Bonn。 The

present burgomaster of Crefeld came from Silesia 。 。 。 。   A lawyer;

well known for his works on public law; occupying a government

position at Magdeburg;〃 was recently called 〃to the lucrative position

of burgomaster 〃 in the town of Münster。 At Bonn; a town of 30;000

inhabitants; 〃everything rests on his shoulders he exercises a great

many of the functions which; with us; belong to the prefect。〃



'31' Max Leclerc; ibid。; p。 25。 … Alongside of the paid town officers

and the municipal councilors; there are special committees composed of

benevolent members and electors 〃either to administer or superintend

some branch of communal business; or to study some particular

question。〃 〃These committees; subject; moreover; in all respects to

the burgomaster; are elected by the municipal council。〃 … There are

twelve of these in Bonn and over a hundred in Berlin。 This institution

serves admirably for rendering those who are well disposed useful; as

well as for the development of local patriotism; a practical sense and

public spirit。



'32' Aucoc; p。 283。



'33' Paul Leroy…Beaulieu; 〃L'administrateur locale en France et en

Angleterre;〃 pp。26; 28; 92。 (Decrees of March 25; 1852; and April 13;

1861。)



'349 J。 Ferrand

返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0

你可能喜欢的