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history is to be trusted�察�is the ruffian on a horse�察�to whose brutality of mind 

is superadded the brute power of his beast。             A ruffian on a horsewhat is 

there that he will not ride over�察�and ride on�察�careless and proud of his own 

shame�拭      �When the ancient chivalry of France descended to that level�察�or 

rather   delegated   their   functions   to   mercenaries   of   that   level   when   the 

knightly   hosts   who   fought   before   Jerusalem   allowed   themselves   to   be 

superseded by the dragoons and dragonnades of Louis XIV。then the end 

of the   French chivalry  was at   hand�察  �and came。   But centuries before that 

shameful   fall   there   had   come   in   with   Christianity   the   new   thought�察  �that 

domination       meant    responsibility�察    �that  responsibility    demanded       virtue。 

The    words     which    denoted    rank�察  �came    to  denote    likewise    high   moral 

excellencies。      The nobilis�察�or man who was known�察�and therefore subject 

to public opinion�察�was bound to behave nobly。                 The gentlemangentile´ 

manwho respected his own gens�察�or family and pedigree�察�was bound to 

be   gentle。    The    courtier�察  �who    had   picked    up  at  court   some    touch   of 

Roman civilisation from Roman ecclesiastics�察�was bound to be courteous。 

He who held an ;honour; or ;edel; of land was bound to be honourable�察�

and he who held a ;weorthig�察─�or worthy�察�thereof�察�was bound himself to be 

worthy。     In like wise�察�he who had the right to ride a horse�察�was expected 

to be chivalrous in all matters befitting the hereditary ruler�察�who owed a 

sacred debt to a long line of forefathers�察�as well as to the state in which he 



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dwelt�察  �all   dignity�察  �courtesy�察  �purity�察  �self´restraint�察  �devotionsuch   as   they 

were understood in those rough dayscentred themselves round the idea 

of the rider as the attributes of the man whose supposed duty�察�as well as 

his supposed right�察�was to govern his fellow´men�察�by example�察�as well as 

by law and force��attributes which gathered themselves up into that one 

wordChivalry�此       �an   idea�察  �which�察  �perfect   or   imperfect�察  �God   forbid   that 

mankind should ever forget�察�till it has become the possessionas it is the 

God´given rightof the poorest slave that ever trudged on foot�察�and every 

collier´lad shall have becomeas some of those Barnsley men proved but 

the other day they had become already�此�

       A very gentle perfect knight�察�

       Very unfaithful was chivalry to its idealas all men are to all ideals。 

But bear in mind�察�that if the horse was the symbol of the ruling caste�察�it 

was    not   at  first  its  only  strength。    Unless     that  caste   had   had   at  first 

spiritual�察  �as   well   as   physical   force   on   its   side�察  �it   would   have   been   soon 

destroyednay�察  �it   would   have   destroyed   itselfby   internecine   civil   war。 

And we must believe that those Franks�察�Goths�察�Lombards�察�and Burgunds�察�

who   in   the   early   Middle Age   leaped   on   the   backs   ��to   use   Mr。   Carlyle's 

expression�� of the Roman nations�察�were actually�察�in all senses of the word�察�

better   men   than those   whom  they  conquered。           We   must   believe it   from 

reason�察�for if not�察�how could they�察�numerically few�察�have held for a year�察�

much      more    for  centuries�察  �against    millions�察  �their   dangerous     elevation�拭�

We     must    believe    it�察 �unless   we    take   Tacitus's    ;Germania�察─     �which     I 

absolutely refuse to do�察�for a romance。              We must believe that they were 

better   than   the   Romanised   nations   whom   they   conquered�察  �because   the 

writers of those nations�察�Augustine�察�Salvian�察�and Sidonius Apollinaris�察�for 

example�察�say that they were such�察�and give proof thereof。                  Not good men 

according to our higher standard far from it�察�though Sidonius's picture of 

Theodoric�察�the East Goth�察�in his palace of Narbonne�察�is the picture of an 

eminently good and wise ruler。            But not good�察�I say�察�as a rulethe Franks�察�

alas� �often very bad men�此          �but still better�察�wiser�察�abler�察�than those whom 

they ruled。      We must believe too�察�that they were better�察�in every sense of 

the word�察�than those tribes on their eastern frontier�察�whom they conquered 

in after centuries�察�unless we discredit ��which we have no reason to do�� the 



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accounts which the Roman and Greek writers give of the horrible savagery 

of those tribes。 

     So it was in later centuries。          One cannot read fairly the history of the 

Middle   Ages   without   seeing   that   the   robber   knight   of   Germany   or   of 

France�察    �who    figures    so   much    in  modern      novels�察   �must    have   been    the 

exception�察�and not the rule�此          �that an aristocracy which lived by the saddle 

would      have    as   little  chance     of   perpetuating      itself�察 �as   a  priesthood 

composed   of   hypocrites   and   profligates�察  �that  the   mediaeval   Nobility  has 

been   as   much   slandered   as   the   mediaeval   Church�察  �and   the   exceptions 

takenas   more   salient   and   excitingfor   the   average�此        �that   side   by   side 

with   ruffians   like   Gaston   de   Foix   hundreds   of   honest   gentlemen   were 

trying to do their duty to the best of their light�察�and were raising�察�and not 

depressing�察�the masses below themone very important item in that duty 

being�察�the doing the whole fighting of the country at their own expense�察�

instead of leaving it to a standing army of mercenaries�察�at the beck and call 

of   a   despot�察  �and   that�察  �as   M。   de Tocqueville   says�此    �In   feudal   times�察  �the 

Nobility were regarded pretty much as the government is regarded in our 

own�察    �the   burdens     they   imposed     were    endured     in   consequence       of  the 

security   they   afforded。       The   nobles   had   many   irksome   privileges�察  �they 

possessed   many   onerous   rights�此  �but   they   maintained   public   order�察  �they 

administered justice�察�they caused the law to be executed�察�they came to the 

relief   of   the   weak�察  �they   conducted   the   business   of   the   community。        In 

proportion as they ceased to do these things�察�the burden of their privileges 

appeared      more    oppressive�察     �and   their  existence     became     an   anomaly     in 

proportion as they ceased to do these things。;                  And the Ancien Regime 

may be defined as the period in which they ceased to do these thingsin 

which they began to play the idlers�察�and expected to take their old wages 

without doing their old work。 

     But    in   any   case�察   �government       by   a  ruling    caste�察  �whether     of   the 

patriarchal or of the feudal kind�察�is no ideal or permanent state of society。 

So far from it�察�it is but the first or second step out of primeval savagery。 

For   the   more   a   ruling   race   becomes   conscious   of   its   own   duty�察  �and   not 

merely of its own powerthe more it learns to regard its peculiar gifts as 

entrusted   to   it   for   the   good   of   menso   much   the   more   earnestly   will   it 



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labour to raise the masses below to its own level�察�by imparting to them its 

own light�察�and so will it continually tend to abolish itself�察�by producing a 

general equality�察�moral and intellectual�察�and fulfil that law of self´sacrifice 

which is the beginning and the end of all virtue。 

     A race of noblest men and women�察�trying to make all below them as 

noble as themselvesthat is at least a fair ideal�察�tending toward�察�though it 

has not reached�察�the highest ideal of all。 

     But suppose that the very opposite tendencyinherent in the heart of 

every child of manshould conquer。               Suppose the ruling caste no longer 

the physical�察�intellectual�察�and moral superiors of the mass�察�but their equals。 

Suppose   themshameful�察  �but   not   without   example   actually   sunk   to   be 

their   inferiors。    And   that   such   a   fall   did   come´   ´nay�察  �that   it   must   have 

comeis matter of history。         And its cause�察�like all social causes�察�was not a 

political nor a physical�察�but a moral cause。             The profligacy of the French 

and Italian aristocracies�察�in the sixteenth century�察�avenged itself on them 

by a curse ��derived from the newly´discovered America�� from which they 

never     recovered。     The     Spanish    aristocracy    suffered�察   �I  doubt    not  very 

severely。     The English and German�察�owing to the su

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