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anything      to  fear  from    revolutions�察    �eagerly   came     to  the  rescue    of  the 

established      faith。;   Surely   there    was    no  talk   of  revolutions�察    �no  wish�察�

expressed or concealed�察�to overthrow either government or society�察�in the 

aristocratic clique to whom English infidelity was confined。                  Such was�察�at 

least�察  �the   opinion   of   Voltaire�察  �who   boasted   that   ;All   the   works   of   the 

modern   philosophers   together   would   never   make   as   much   noise   in   the 

world as was made in former days by the disputes of the Cordeliers about 

the   shape   of   their   sleeves   and   hoods。;    If   ��as   M。   de   Tocqueville   says�� 

Bolingbroke set up Voltaire�察�neither master nor pupil had any more leaning 

than Hobbes had toward a democracy which was not dreaded in those days 



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because it had never been heard of。               And if ��as M。 de Tocqueville heartily 

allows��  the   English   apologists   of   Christianity  triumphed�察  �at   least   for   the 

time being�察�the cause of their triumph must be sought in the plain fact that 

such   men   as   Berkeley�察  �Butler�察  �and   Paley�察  �each   according   to   his   light�察�

fought the battle fairly�察�on the common ground of reason and philosophy�察�

instead      of  on   that   of   tradition    and   authority�察    �and    that   the  forms     of 

Christianity   current   in   Englandwhether   Quaker�察  �Puritan�察  �or   Anglican 

offended�察  �less   than   that   current       in   France�察  �the   common´sense   and          the 

human instincts of the many�察�or of the sceptics themselves。�А�

     But     the   eighteenth      century    saw    another     movement�察       �all  the   more 

powerful�察�perhaps�察�because it was continually changing its shape�察�even its 

purpose�察  �and   gaining   fresh   life   and   fresh   adherents   with   every   change。 

Propagated   at   first   by   men   of   the   school   of   Locke�察  �it   became   at   last   a 

protest against the materialism of that school�察�on behalf of all that is�察�or 

calls    itself�察  �supernatural      and    mysterious。      Abjuring�察     �and    honestly�察   �all 

politics�察�it found itself sucked into the political whirlpool in spite of itself�察�

as   all   human   interests   which   have   any   life   in   them   must   be   at   last。    It 

became an active promoter of the Revolution�察�then it helped to destroy the 

Revolution�察�when that had�察�under Napoleon�察�become a levelling despotism�察�

then it helped�察�as actively�察�to keep revolutionary principles alive�察�after the 

reaction of 1815��a Protean institution�察�whose power we in England are as 

apt to undervalue as the governments of the Continent were apt�察�during the 

eighteenth century�察�to exaggerate it。              I mean�察�of course�察�Freemasonry�察�and 

the     secret    societies     which�察    �honestly      and    honourably       disowned       by 

Freemasonry�察 �yet   have   either   copied it�察�or   actually  sprung out of   it。               In 

England�察      �Freemasonry        never    was�察   �it  seems�察   �more     than   a   liberal   and 

respectable   benefit´club�察  �for   secret   societies   are   needless   for   any   further 

purposes�察 �amid   free institutions   and   a   free press。           But   on   the   Continent 

during   the   eighteenth   century�察  �Freemasonry   excited   profound   suspicion 

and   fear   on   the   part   of   statesmen   who   knew   perfectly  well   their   friends 

from   their   foes�察  �and   whose   precautions   were�察  �from   their   point   of   view�察�

justified by the results。 

     I shall not enter into the deep question of the origin of Freemasonry。 

One   uninitiate�察  �as   I   am�察  �has   no   right   to   give   an   opinion   on   the   great 



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questions of the mediaeval lodge of Kilwinning and its Scotch degrees�察�on 

the   seven   Templars�察  �who�察  �after   poor   Jacques   Molay   was   burnt   at   Paris�察�

took refuge on the Isle of Mull�察�in Scotland�察�found there another Templar 

and brother Mason�察�ominously named Harris�察�took to the trowel in earnest�察�

and revived the Order��on the Masons who built Magdeburg Cathedral in 

876�察�on the English Masons assembled in Pagan times by ;St。 Albone�察�that 

worthy   knight�察─  �on   the   revival   of   English   Masonry   by   Edwin�察  �son   of 

Athelstan�察�on Magnus Grecus�察�who had been at the building of Solomon's 

Temple�察�and taught Masonry to Charles Martel�察�on the pillars Jachin and 

Boaz�察�on the masonry of Hiram of Tyre�察�and indeed of Adam himself�察�of 

whose first fig´leaf the masonic apron may be a typeon all these matters 

I dare no more decide than on the making of the Trojan Horse�察�the birth of 

Romulus and Remus�察�or the incarnation of Vishnoo。 

     All   I   dare   say   is�察  �that   Freemasonry   emerges   in   its   present   form   into 

history    and   fact�察 �seemingly      about   the   beginning    of   George    I。's  reign�察�

among   Englishmen   and   noblemen�察  �notably   in   four   lodges   in   the   city   of 

London�此       。�1��    at  The    Goose      and   Gridiron     alehouse     in   St。  Paul's 

Churchyard�察。�2�� at The Crown alehouse near Drury Lane�察。�3�� at The Apple 

Tree tavern near Covent Garden�察。�4�� at The Rummer and Grapes tavern�察�in 

Charnel Row�察�Westminster。             That   its principles   were brotherly  love   and 

good   fellowship�察  �which   included   in   those   days   port�察  �sherry�察  �claret�察  �and 

punch�察�that it was founded on the ground of mere humanity�察�in every sense 

of the word�察�being ��as was to be expected from the temper of the times�� 

both   aristocratic   and   liberal�察  �admitting   to   its   ranks   virtuous   gentlemen 

;obliged�察─�says an old charge�察 �only to that religion wherein all men agree�察�

leaving their particular opinions to themselves�此              �that is�察�to be good men 

and   true�察  �or   men   of   honour   and   honesty�察  �by   whatever   denominations   or 

persuasions   they   may   be   distinguished�察  �whereby   Masonry   becomes   the 

centre of union and means of conciliating true friendship among persons 

that otherwise must have remained at a distance。; 

     Little did the honest gentlemen who established or re´established their 

society on these grounds�察�and fenced it with quaint ceremonies�察�old or new�察�

conceive the importance of their own act�察�we�察�looking at it from a distance�察�

may see all that such a society involved�察�which was quite new to the world 



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just then�察�and see�察�that it was the very child of the Ancien Regimeof a 

time when men were growing weary of the violent factions�察�political and 

spiritual�察  �which   had   torn   Europe   in   pieces   for   more   than   a   century�察  �and 

longed to say�此       �After all�察�we are all alike in one thingfor we are at least 

men。; 

     Its   spread    through   England      and   Scotland�察  �and   the   seceding   bodies 

which arose from it�察�as well as the supposed Jacobite tendency of certain 

Scotch lodges�察�do not concern us here。                 The point interesting to us just 

now   is�察  �that   Freemasonry   was   imported   to   the   Continent   exclusively   by 

English and Scotch gentlemen and noblemen。 Lord Derwentwater is said 

by some to have founded the ;Loge Anglaise; in Paris in 1725�察�the Duke 

of   Richmond   one   in   his   own   castle   of   Aubigny   shortly   after。        It   was 

through   Hanoverian   influence   that   the   movement   seems   to   have   spread 

into   Germany。       In   1733�察  �for   instance�察  �the   English   Grand   Master�察  �Lord 

Strathmore�察  �permitted   eleven   German   gentlemen   and   good   brethren                  to 

form  a   lodge   in   Hamburg。       Into   this   English   Society  was   Frederick   the 

Great�察    �when     Crown     Prince�察   �initiated�察  �in  spite   of   strict  old   Frederick 

William's      objections�察    �who    had   heard    of  it  as  an  English     invention    of 

irreligious tendency。         Francis I。 of Austria was made a Freemason at the 

Hague�察�Lord Chesterfield being in the chair�察�and then became a Master in 

London   under   the   name   of   ;Brother   Lothringen�察─  �to   the   discontent   of 

Maria      Theresa�察    �whose     woman's       wit   saw    farther    than   her   husband。 

Englishmen   and   Scotchmen   introduced   the   new   society   into   Russia   and 

into Geneva。        Sweden and Poland seem to have received it from France�察�

while�察 �in   the   South�察�it seems   to have  been   exclusively  an   English   plant。 

Sackville�察 �Duk

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