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梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
assumed that A belongs to no B�察�and B to some C�察�then A does not
belong to some C。 The conclusion then is true�察�but the premisses arc
false。
3
In the middle figure it is possible in every way to reach a true
conclusion through false premisses�察�whether the syllogisms are
universal or particular�察�viz。 when both premisses are wholly false��
when each is partially false�察�when one is true�察�the other wholly false
��it does not matter which of the two premisses is false���察�if both
premisses are partially false�察�if one is quite true�察�the other
partially false�察�if one is wholly false�察�the other partially true。 For
��1�� if A belongs to no B and to all C�察�e。g。 animal to no stone and
to every horse�察�then if the premisses are stated contrariwise and it
is assumed that A belongs to all B and to no C�察�though the premisses
are wholly false they will yield a true conclusion。 Similarly if A
belongs to all B and to no C�此�for we shall have the same syllogism。
��2�� Again if one premiss is wholly false�察�the other wholly true�此�for
nothing prevents A belonging to all B and to all C�察�though B belongs
to no C�察�e。g。 a genus to its co´ordinate species。 For animal belongs
to every horse and man�察�and no man is a horse。 If then it is assumed
that animal belongs to all of the one�察�and none of the other�察�the
one premiss will be wholly false�察�the other wholly true�察�and the
conclusion will be true whichever term the negative statement
concerns。
��3�� Also if one premiss is partially false�察�the other wholly true。
For it is possible that A should belong to some B and to all C�察�though
B belongs to no C�察�e。g。 animal to some white things and to every
raven�察�though white belongs to no raven。 If then it is assumed that
A belongs to no B�察�but to the whole of C�察�the premiss AB is
partially false�察�the premiss AC wholly true�察�and the conclusion
true。 Similarly if the negative statement is transposed�此�the proof can
be made by means of the same terms。 Also if the affirmative premiss is
partially false�察�the negative wholly true�察�a true conclusion is
possible。 For nothing prevents A belonging to some B�察�but not to C
as a whole�察�while B belongs to no C�察�e。g。 animal belongs to some white
things�察�but to no pitch�察�and white belongs to no pitch。 Consequently
if it is assumed that A belongs to the whole of B�察�but to no C�察�the
premiss AB is partially false�察�the premiss AC is wholly true�察�and
the conclusion is true。
��4�� And if both the premisses are partially false�察�the conclusion
may be true。 For it is possible that A should belong to some B and
to some C�察�and B to no C�察�e。g。 animal to some white things and to some
black things�察�though white belongs to nothing black。 If then it is
assumed that A belongs to all B and to no C�察�both premisses are
partially false�察�but the conclusion is true。 Similarly�察�if the
negative premiss is transposed�察�the proof can be made by means of
the same terms。
It is clear also that our thesis holds in particular syllogisms。 For
��5�� nothing prevents A belonging to all B and to some C�察�though B does
not belong to some C�察�e。g。 animal to every man and to some white
things�察�though man will not belong to some white things。 If then it is
stated that A belongs to no B and to some C�察�the universal premiss
is wholly false�察�the particular premiss is true�察�and the conclusion is
true。 Similarly if the premiss AB is affirmative�此�for it is possible
that A should belong to no B�察�and not to some C�察�though B does not
belong to some C�察�e。g。 animal belongs to nothing lifeless�察�and does
not belong to some white things�察�and lifeless will not belong to
some white things。 If then it is stated that A belongs to all B and
not to some C�察�the premiss AB which is universal is wholly false��
the premiss AC is true�察�and the conclusion is true。 Also a true
conclusion is possible when the universal premiss is true�察�and the
particular is false。 For nothing prevents A following neither B nor
C at all�察�while B does not belong to some C�察�e。g。 animal belongs to no
number nor to anything lifeless�察�and number does not follow some
lifeless things。 If then it is stated that A belongs to no B and to
some C�察�the conclusion will be true�察�and the universal premiss true��
but the particular false。 Similarly if the premiss which is stated
universally is affirmative。 For it is possible that should A belong
both to B and to C as wholes�察�though B does not follow some C�察�e。g。
a genus in relation to its species and difference�此�for animal
follows every man and footed things as a whole�察�but man does not
follow every footed thing。 Consequently if it is assumed that A
belongs to the whole of B�察�but does not belong to some C�察�the
universal premiss is true�察�the particular false�察�and the conclusion
true。
��6�� It is clear too that though both premisses are false they may
yield a true conclusion�察�since it is possible that A should belong
both to B and to C as wholes�察�though B does not follow some C。 For
if it is assumed that A belongs to no B and to some C�察�the premisses
are both false�察�but the conclusion is true。 Similarly if the universal
premiss is affirmative and the particular negative。 For it is possible
that A should follow no B and all C�察�though B does not belong to
some C�察�e。g。 animal follows no science but every man�察�though science
does not follow every man。 If then A is assumed to belong to the whole
of B�察�and not to follow some C�察�the premisses are false but the
conclusion is true。
4
In the last figure a true conclusion may come through what is false��
alike when both premisses are wholly false�察�when each is partly false��
when one premiss is wholly true�察�the other false�察�when one premiss
is partly false�察�the other wholly true�察�and vice versa�察�and in every
other way in which it is possible to alter the premisses。 For ��1��
nothing prevents neither A nor B from belonging to any C�察�while A
belongs to some B�察�e。g。 neither man nor footed follows anything
lifeless�察�though man belongs to some footed things。 If then it is
assumed that A and B belong to all C�察�the premisses will be wholly
false�察�but the conclusion true。 Similarly if one premiss is
negative�察�the other affirmative。 For it is possible that B should
belong to no C�察�but A to all C�察�and that should not belong to some
B�察�e。g。 black belongs to no swan�察�animal to every swan�察�and animal not
to everything black。 Consequently if it is assumed that B belongs to
all C�察�and A to no C�察�A will not belong to some B�此�and the
conclusion is true�察�though the premisses are false。
��2�� Also if each premiss is partly false�察�the conclusion may be
true。 For nothing prevents both A and B from belonging to some C while
A belongs to some B�察�e。g。 white and beautiful belong to some
animals�察�and white to some beautiful things。 If then it is stated that
A and B belong to all C�察�the premisses are partially false�察�but the
conclusion is true。 Similarly if the premiss AC is stated as negative。
For nothing prevents A from not belonging�察�and B from belonging�察�to
some C�察�while A does not belong to all B�察�e。g。 white does not belong
to some animals�察�beautiful belongs to some animals�察�and white does not
belong to everything beautiful。 Consequently if it is assumed that A
belongs to no C�察�and B to all C�察�both premisses are partly false��
but the conclusion is true。
��3�� Similarly if one of the premisses assumed is wholly false�察�the
other wholly true。 For it is possible that both A and B should
follow all C�察�though A does not belong to some B�察�e。g。 animal and
white follow every swan�察�though animal does not belong to everything
white。 Taking these then as terms�察�if one assumes that B belongs to
the whole of C�察�but A does not belong to C at all�察�the premiss BC will
be wholly true�察�the premiss AC wholly false�察�and the conclusion
true。 Similarly if the statement BC is false�察�the statement AC true��
the conclusion may be true。 The same terms will serve for the proof。
Also if both the premisses assumed are affirmative�察�the conclusion may
be true。 For nothing prevents B from following all C�察�and A from not
belonging to C at all�察�though A belongs to some B�察�e。g。 animal belongs
to every swan�察�black to no swan�察�and black to some animals。
Consequently if it is assumed that A and B belong to every C�察�the
premiss BC is wholly true�察�the premiss AC is wholly false�察�and the
conclusion is true。 Similarly if the premiss AC whic