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animal belongs to no stone�察�nor stone to any man。 If then A is taken



to belong to all B and B to all C�察�A will belong to all C��



consequently though both the premisses are false the conclusion is



true�此�for every man is an animal。 Similarly with the negative。 For



it is possible that neither A nor B should belong to any C�察�although A



belongs to all B�察�e。g。 if the same terms are taken and man is put as



middle�此�for neither animal nor man belongs to any stone�察�but animal



belongs to every man。 Consequently if one term is taken to belong to



none of that to which it does belong�察�and the other term is taken to



belong to all of that to which it does not belong�察�though both the



premisses are false the conclusion will be true。 ��2�� A similar proof



may be given if each premiss is partially false。



  ��3�� But if one only of the premisses is false�察�when the first



premiss is wholly false�察�e。g。 AB�察�the conclusion will not be true�察�but



if the premiss BC is wholly false�察�a true conclusion will be possible。



I mean by 'wholly false' the contrary of the truth�察�e。g。 if what



belongs to none is assumed to belong to all�察�or if what belongs to all



is assumed to belong to none。 Let A belong to no B�察�and B to all C。 If



then the premiss BC which I take is true�察�and the premiss AB is wholly



false�察�viz。 that A belongs to all B�察�it is impossible that the



conclusion should be true�此�for A belonged to none of the Cs�察�since A



belonged to nothing to which B belonged�察�and B belonged to all C。



Similarly there cannot be a true conclusion if A belongs to all B�察�and



B to all C�察�but while the true premiss BC is assumed�察�the wholly false



premiss AB is also assumed�察�viz。 that A belongs to nothing to which



B belongs�此�here the conclusion must be false。 For A will belong to all



C�察�since A belongs to everything to which B belongs�察�and B to all C。



It is clear then that when the first premiss is wholly false��



whether affirmative or negative�察�and the other premiss is true�察�the



conclusion cannot be true。



  ��4�� But if the premiss is not wholly false�察�a true conclusion is



possible。 For if A belongs to all C and to some B�察�and if B belongs to



all C�察�e。g。 animal to every swan and to some white thing�察�and white to



every swan�察�then if we take as premisses that A belongs to all B��



and B to all C�察�A will belong to all C truly�此�for every swan is an



animal。 Similarly if the statement AB is negative。 For it is



possible that A should belong to some B and to no C�察�and that B should



belong to all C�察�e。g。 animal to some white thing�察�but to no snow��



and white to all snow。 If then one should assume that A belongs to



no B�察�and B to all C�察�then will belong to no C。



  ��5�� But if the premiss AB�察�which is assumed�察�is wholly true�察�and the



premiss BC is wholly false�察�a true syllogism will be possible�此�for



nothing prevents A belonging to all B and to all C�察�though B belongs



to no C�察�e。g。 these being species of the same genus which are not



subordinate one to the other�此�for animal belongs both to horse and



to man�察�but horse to no man。 If then it is assumed that A belongs to



all B and B to all C�察�the conclusion will be true�察�although the



premiss BC is wholly false。 Similarly if the premiss AB is negative。



For it is possible that A should belong neither to any B nor to any C��



and that B should not belong to any C�察�e。g。 a genus to species of



another genus�此�for animal belongs neither to music nor to the art of



healing�察�nor does music belong to the art of healing。 If then it is



assumed that A belongs to no B�察�and B to all C�察�the conclusion will be



true。



  ��6�� And if the premiss BC is not wholly false but in part only�察�even



so the conclusion may be true。 For nothing prevents A belonging to the



whole of B and of C�察�while B belongs to some C�察�e。g。 a genus to its



species and difference�此�for animal belongs to every man and to every



footed thing�察�and man to some footed things though not to all。 If then



it is assumed that A belongs to all B�察�and B to all C�察�A will belong



to all C�此�and this ex hypothesi is true。 Similarly if the premiss AB



is negative。 For it is possible that A should neither belong to any



B nor to any C�察�though B belongs to some C�察�e。g。 a genus to the



species of another genus and its difference�此�for animal neither



belongs to any wisdom nor to any instance of 'speculative'�察�but wisdom



belongs to some instance of 'speculative'。 If then it should be



assumed that A belongs to no B�察�and B to all C�察�will belong to no C��



and this ex hypothesi is true。



  In particular syllogisms it is possible when the first premiss is



wholly false�察�and the other true�察�that the conclusion should be



true�察�also when the first premiss is false in part�察�and the other



true�察�and when the first is true�察�and the particular is false�察�and



when both are false。 ��7�� For nothing prevents A belonging to no B�察�but



to some C�察�and B to some C�察�e。g。 animal belongs to no snow�察�but to



some white thing�察�and snow to some white thing。 If then snow is



taken as middle�察�and animal as first term�察�and it is assumed that A



belongs to the whole of B�察�and B to some C�察�then the premiss BC is



wholly false�察�the premiss BC true�察�and the conclusion true。



Similarly if the premiss AB is negative�此�for it is possible that A



should belong to the whole of B�察�but not to some C�察�although B belongs



to some C�察�e。g。 animal belongs to every man�察�but does not follow



some white�察�but man belongs to some white�察�consequently if man be



taken as middle term and it is assumed that A belongs to no B but B



belongs to some C�察�the conclusion will be true although the premiss AB



is wholly false。 ��If the premiss AB is false in part�察�the conclusion



may be true。 For nothing prevents A belonging both to B and to some C��



and B belonging to some C�察�e。g。 animal to something beautiful and to



something great�察�and beautiful belonging to something great。 If then A



is assumed to belong to all B�察�and B to some C�察�the a premiss AB



will be partially false�察�the premiss BC will be true�察�and the



conclusion true。 Similarly if the premiss AB is negative。 For the same



terms will serve�察�and in the same positions�察�to prove the point。



  ��9�� Again if the premiss AB is true�察�and the premiss BC is false��



the conclusion may be true。 For nothing prevents A belonging to the



whole of B and to some C�察�while B belongs to no C�察�e。g。 animal to



every swan and to some black things�察�though swan belongs to no black



thing。 Consequently if it should be assumed that A belongs to all B��



and B to some C�察�the conclusion will be true�察�although the statement



BC is false。 Similarly if the premiss AB is negative。 For it is



possible that A should belong to no B�察�and not to some C�察�while B



belongs to no C�察�e。g。 a genus to the species of another genus and to



the accident of its own species�此�for animal belongs to no number and



not to some white things�察�and number belongs to nothing white。 If then



number is taken as middle�察�and it is assumed that A belongs to no B��



and B to some C�察�then A will not belong to some C�察�which ex



hypothesi is true。 And the premiss AB is true�察�the premiss BC false。



  ��10�� Also if the premiss AB is partially false�察�and the premiss BC



is false too�察�the conclusion may be true。 For nothing prevents A



belonging to some B and to some C�察�though B belongs to no C�察�e。g。 if B



is the contrary of C�察�and both are accidents of the same genus�此�for



animal belongs to some white things and to some black things�察�but



white belongs to no black thing。 If then it is assumed that A



belongs to all B�察�and B to some C�察�the conclusion will be true。



Similarly if the premiss AB is negative�此�for the same terms arranged



in the same way will serve for the proof。



  ��11�� Also though both premisses are false the conclusion may be



true。 For it is possible that A may belong to no B and to some C��



while B belongs to no C�察�e。g。 a genus in relation to the species of



another genus�察�and to the accident of its own species�此�for animal



belongs to no number�察�but to some white things�察�and number to



nothing white。 If then it is assumed that A belongs to all B and B



to some C�察�the conclusion will be true�察�though both premisses are



false。 Similarly also if the premiss AB is negative。 For nothing



prevents A belonging to the whole of B�察�and not to some C�察�while B



belongs to no C�察�e。g。 animal belongs to every swan�察�and not to some



black things�察�and swan belongs to nothing black。 Consequently if it is



assumed that A belongs to no B�察�and B to some C�察�then A does not



belong to some C。 The conclusion then is

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