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respect to God but only to persons。 ��19�� It is certain that the high priests
were never so cautious in their conduct as to escape the remark of the
more shrewd among the people�察�for the latter were at length emboldened
to assert that no laws ought to be kept save those that were written�察�and
that the decrees which the Pharisees ��consisting�察�as Josephus says in his ;
Amtiquities�察─�chiefly�察�of the common people���察�were deceived into calling
the traditions of the fathers�察�should not be observed at all。 ��20�� However
this may be�察 �we can in nowise doubt that flattery of the high priest�察 �the
corruption of religion and the laws�察 �and the enormous increase of the
extent of the last´named�察 �gave very great and frequent occasion for
disputes and altercations impossible to allay。 ��21�� When men begin to
quarrel with all the ardour of superstition�察�and the magistracy to back up
one side or the other�察�they can never come to a compromise�察�but are bound
to split into sects。
��18��22�� II。 It is worthy of remark that the prophets�察 �who were in a
private station of life�察 �rather irritated than reformed mankind by their
freedom of warning�察 �rebuke�察 �and censure�察 �whereas the kings�察 �by their
reproofs and punishments�察 �could always produce an effect。 ��23�� The
prophets were often intolerable even to pious kings�察 �on account of the
authority they assumed for judging whether an action was right or wrong�察�
or for reproving the kings themselves if they dared to transact any business�察�
whether public or private�察�without prophetic sanction。 ��24�� King Asa who�察�
according to the testimony of Scripture�察�reigned piously�察�put the prophet
Hanani into a prison´house because he had ventured freely to chide and
reprove him for entering into a covenant with the king of Armenia。
��18��25�� Other examples might be cited�察�tending to prove that religion
gained more harm than good by such freedom�察�not to speak of the further
consequence�察�that if the prophets had retained their rights�察�great civil wars
would have resulted。
��26�� III。 It is remarkable that during all the period�察�during which the
people held the reins of power�察�there was only one civil war�察�and that one
was completely extinguished�察 �the conquerors taking such pity on the
conquered�察�that they endeavoured in every way to reinstate them in their
former dignity and power。 ��27�� But after that the people�察�little accustomed
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to kings�察�changed its first form of government into a monarchy�察�civil war
raged almost continuously�察 �and battles were so fierce as to exceed all
others recorded�察�in one engagement ��taxing our faith to the utmost�� five
hundred thousand Israelites were slaughtered by the men of Judah�察�and in
another the Israelites slew great numbers of the men of Judah ��the figures
are not given in Scripture���察 �almost razed to the ground the walls of
Jerusalem�察�and sacked the Temple in their unbridled fury。 ��28�� At length�察�
laden with the spoils of their brethren�察 �satiated with blood�察 �they took
hostages�察�and leaving the king in his well´nigh devastated kingdom�察�laid
down their arms�察 �relying on the weakness rather than the good faith of
their foes。 ��29�� A few years after�察�the men of Judah�察�with recruited strength�察�
again took the field�察�but were a second time beaten by the Israelites�察�and
slain to the number of a hundred and twenty thousand�察 �two hundred
thousand of their wives and children were led into captivity�察�and a great
booty again seized。 ��30�� Worn out with these and similar battles set forth
at length in their histories�察�the Jews at length fell a prey to their enemies。
��18��31�� Furthermore�察 �if we reckon up the times during which peace
prevailed under each form of government�察 �we shall find a great
discrepancy。 ��32�� Before the monarchy forty years and more often passed�察�
and once eighty years ��an almost unparalleled period���察 �without any war�察�
foreign or civil。 ��33�� After the kings acquired sovereign power�察 �the
fighting was no longer for peace and liberty�察�but for glory�察�accordingly we
find that they all�察 �with the exception of Solomon ��whose virtue and
wisdom would be better displayed in peace than in war�� waged war�察�and
finally a fatal desire for power gained ground�察�which�察�in many cases�察�made
the path to the throne a bloody one。
��18��34�� Lastly�察 �the laws�察 �during the rule of the people�察 �remained
uncorrupted and were studiously observed。 ��35�� Before the monarchy
there were very�察 �few prophets to admonish the people�察 �but after the
establishment of kings there were a great number at the same time。 ��36��
Obadiah saved a hundred from death and hid them away�察�lest they should
be slain with the rest。 ��37�� The people�察�so far as we can see�察�were never
deceived by false prophets till after the power had been vested in kings�察�
whose creatures many of the prophets were。 ��38�� Again�察�the people�察�whose
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heart was generally proud or humble according to its circumstances�察�easily
corrected it´self under misfortune�察�turned again to God�察�restored His laws�察�
and so freed itself from all peril�察�but the kings�察�whose hearts were always
equally puffed up�察 �and who could not be corrected without humiliation�察�
clung pertinaciously to their vices�察�even till the last overthrow of the city。
��18��2�А。�39�� We may now clearly see from what I have said�此�
��40�� I。 How hurtful to religion and the state is the concession to
ministers of religion of any power of issuing decrees or transacting the
business of government�此 �how�察 �on the contrary�察 �far greater stability is
afforded�察 �if the said ministers are only allowed to give answers to
questions duly put to them�察 �and are�察 �as a rule�察 �obliged to preach and
practise the received and accepted doctrines。
��18��41�� II How dangerous it is to refer to Divine right matters merely
speculative and subject or liable to dispute。 ��42�� The most tyrannical
governments are those which make crimes of opinions�察�for everyone has
an inalienable right over his thoughts ´ nay�察�such a state of things leads to
the rule of popular passion。
��18��43�� Pontius Pilate made concession to the passion of the Pharisees
in consenting to the crucifixion of Christ�察�whom he knew to be innocent。
��44�� Again�察�the Pharisees�察�in order to shake the position of men richer than
themselves�察 �began to set on foot questions of religion�察 �and accused the
Sadducees of impiety�察�and�察�following their example�察�the vilest ´ hypocrites�察�
stirred�察�as they pretended�察�by the same holy wrath which they called zeal
for the Lord�察 �persecuted men whose unblemished character and
distinguished virtue had excited the popular hatred�察 �publicly denounced
their opinions�察�and inflamed the fierce passions of the people against them。
��18��45�� This wanton licence being cloaked with the specious garb of
religion could not easily be repressed�察 �especially when the sovereign
authorities introduced a sect of which they�察�were not the head�察�they were
then regarded not as interpreters of Divine right�察�but as sectarians ´ that is�察�
as persons recognizing the right of Divine interpretation assumed by the
leaders of the sect。 ��46�� The authority of the magistrates thus became of
little account in such matters in comparison with the authority of sectarian
leaders before whose interpretations kings were obliged to bow。
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��18��47�� To avoid such evils in a state�察 �there is no safer way�察 �than to
make piety and religion to consist in acts only ´ that is�察�in the practice of
justice and charity�察�leaving everyone's judgment in other re