Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the spirit of laws >

µÚ29½Ú

the spirit of laws-µÚ29½Ú

С˵£º the spirit of laws ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




2¡£¡¡C£¿sar£»¡¡Cromwell£»¡¡and¡¡many¡¡others¡£

3¡£¡¡Non¡¡liquet¡£

4¡£¡¡Quas¡¡actiones¡¡ne¡¡populus¡¡prout¡¡vellet¡¡institueret£»¡¡certas¡¡solemnesque¡¡esse¡¡voluerunt¡¡¡¡Dig¡£¡¡de¡¡Orig¡£¡¡Jur¡££»¡¡ii£»¡¡¡ì¡¡6¡£

5¡£¡¡In¡¡France¡¡a¡¡person£»¡¡though¡¡sued¡¡for¡¡more¡¡than¡¡he¡¡owes£»¡¡loses¡¡his¡¡costs¡¡if¡¡he¡¡has¡¡not¡¡offered¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡the¡¡exact¡¡debt¡£

6¡£¡¡Discourse¡¡on¡¡the¡¡first¡¡decade¡¡of¡¡Livy£»¡¡i¡£¡¡7¡£

7¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡well¡¡explained¡¡in¡¡Cicero's¡¡oration¡¡Pro¡¡C£¿cina£»¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡end£»¡¡100¡£

8¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡the¡¡law¡¡at¡¡Athens£»¡¡as¡¡appears¡¡by¡¡Demosthenes¡£¡¡Socrates¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡make¡¡use¡¡of¡¡it¡£

9¡£¡¡Demosthenes£»¡¡Pro¡¡Corona£»¡¡p¡£¡¡494£»¡¡Frankfort£»¡¡1604¡£

10¡£¡¡See¡¡Philostratus£»¡¡Lives¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Sophists£»¡¡i¡£¡¡Life¡¡of¡¡£¿schines¡£

11¡£¡¡Plato¡¡does¡¡not¡¡think¡¡it¡¡right¡¡that¡¡kings£»¡¡who£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡says£»¡¡are¡¡priests£»¡¡should¡¡preside¡¡at¡¡trials¡¡where¡¡people¡¡are¡¡condemned¡¡to¡¡death£»¡¡to¡¡exile£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡imprisonment¡£

12¡£¡¡See¡¡the¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡trial¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Duke¡¡de¡¡la¡¡Valette¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡printed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Memoirs¡¡of¡¡Montresor£»¡¡ii£»¡¡p¡£¡¡62¡£

13¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡afterwards¡¡revoked¡£¡¡See¡¡the¡¡same¡¡account£»¡¡ii¡£¡¡p¡£¡¡236¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡ordinarily¡¡a¡¡right¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peerage¡¡that¡¡a¡¡peer¡¡criminally¡¡accused¡¡should¡¡be¡¡judged¡¡by¡¡the¡¡king£»¡¡as¡¡Francis¡¡II¡¡in¡¡the¡¡trial¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Prince¡¡of¡¡Cond¨¦£»¡¡and¡¡Charles¡¡VII¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Duc¡¡d'Alen£¿on¡£¡¡To¡­day£»¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡king¡¡at¡¡the¡¡trial¡¡of¡¡a¡¡peer£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡condemn¡¡him¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡an¡¡act¡¡of¡¡tyranny¡£¡¡¡¡Voltaire¡£

14¡£¡¡Annals£»¡¡xi¡£¡¡5¡£

15¡£¡¡Ibid¡££»¡¡xiii¡£¡¡4¡£

16¡£¡¡Histories£»¡¡v¡£

17¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡disorder¡¡happened¡¡under¡¡Theodosius¡¡the¡¡younger¡£

18¡£¡¡Secret¡¡History¡£

19¡£¡¡See¡¡Leg¡£¡¡2£»¡¡¡ì¡¡24£»¡¡Dig¡£¡¡ff¡£¡¡de¡¡orig¡£¡¡jur¡£

20¡£¡¡Quod¡¡pater¡¡puellce¡¡abesset£»¡¡locum¡¡injuria¡¡esse¡¡ratus¡£¡¡¡¡Livy£»¡¡dec¡£¡¡I£»¡¡iii¡£¡¡44¡£

21¡£¡¡And¡¡in¡¡a¡¡great¡¡many¡¡other¡¡cities¡£

22¡£¡¡See¡¡in¡¡Tacitus¡¡the¡¡rewards¡¡given¡¡to¡¡those¡¡informers¡£¡¡¡¡Annals£»¡¡i¡£¡¡30¡£

23¡£¡¡Book¡¡ix¡£

24¡£¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡show¡¡hereafter¡¡that¡¡China¡¡is£»¡¡in¡¡this¡¡respect£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡case¡¡as¡¡a¡¡republic¡¡or¡¡a¡¡monarchy¡£

25¡£¡¡Suppose£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡execution¡¡of¡¡a¡¡decree£»¡¡the¡¡common¡¡people¡¡paid¡¡a¡¡fine¡¡of¡¡forty¡¡sous£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡of¡¡sixty¡¡livres¡£¡¡¡¡Somme¡¡Rurale£»¡¡ii£»¡¡p¡£¡¡198£»¡¡ed¡£¡¡Goth¡£¡¡1512£»¡¡and¡¡Beaumanoir£»¡¡61£»¡¡p¡£¡¡309¡£

26¡£¡¡See¡¡the¡¡Council¡¡of¡¡Peter¡¡Defontaines£»¡¡13£»¡¡especially¡¡art¡£¡¡22¡£

27¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡made¡¡by¡¡Valerius¡¡Publicola¡¡soon¡¡after¡¡the¡¡expulsion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡kings£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡twice¡¡renewed£»¡¡both¡¡times¡¡by¡¡magistrates¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡family¡£¡¡As¡¡Livy¡¡observes£»¡¡x£»¡¡9£»¡¡the¡¡question¡¡was¡¡not¡¡to¡¡give¡¡it¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡force£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡render¡¡its¡¡injunctions¡¡more¡¡perfect¡£¡¡¡¨Diligentius¡¡sanctum£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡Livy£»¡¡ibid¡£

28¡£¡¡Lex¡¡Porcia¡¡pro¡¡tergo¡¡civium¡¡lata¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡454th¡¡year¡¡of¡¡the¡¡foundation¡¡of¡¡Rome¡£

29¡£¡¡Nihil¡¡ultra¡¡quam¡¡improbe¡¡factum¡¡adjecet¡¡¡¡Livy£»¡¡loc¡£¡¡cit¡£

30¡£¡¡They¡¡slit¡¡his¡¡nose¡¡or¡¡cut¡¡off¡¡his¡¡ears¡£

31¡£¡¡Xenophon£»¡¡Hist¡££»¡¡iii¡£¡¡8£»¡¡¡ì¡ì¡¡20¡­22¡£

32¡£¡¡Of¡¡Those¡¡Who¡¡Are¡¡Intrusted¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Direction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡Affairs£»¡¡14¡£

33¡£¡¡See¡¡Kempfer¡£

34¡£¡¡Collection¡¡of¡¡Voyages¡¡that¡¡Contributed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Establishment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡East¡¡India¡¡Company£»¡¡iii£»¡¡part¡¡I£»¡¡p¡£¡¡428¡£

35¡£¡¡Let¡¡this¡¡be¡¡observed¡¡as¡¡a¡¡maxim¡¡in¡¡practice£»¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡cases¡¡where¡¡the¡¡minds¡¡of¡¡people¡¡have¡¡been¡¡depraved¡¡by¡¡too¡¡great¡¡a¡¡severity¡¡of¡¡punishments¡£

36¡£¡¡Collection¡¡of¡¡Voyages¡¡that¡¡Contributed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Establishment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡East¡¡India¡¡Company£»¡¡v£»¡¡p¡£¡¡2¡£

37¡£¡¡Ibid¡£

38¡£¡¡The¡¡guilty¡¡were¡¡condemned¡¡to¡¡a¡¡fine£»¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡admitted¡¡into¡¡the¡¡rank¡¡of¡¡senators£»¡¡nor¡¡nominated¡¡to¡¡any¡¡public¡¡office¡£¡¡¡¡Dio£»¡¡xxxvi¡£¡¡21¡£

39¡£¡¡Ibid¡£

40¡£¡¡Book¡¡i¡£¡¡28¡£

41¡£¡¡We¡¡find¡¡there¡¡the¡¡punishment¡¡of¡¡fire£»¡¡and¡¡generally¡¡capital¡¡punishments£»¡¡theft¡¡punished¡¡with¡¡death£»¡¡&c¡£

42¡£¡¡Sulla£»¡¡animated¡¡with¡¡the¡¡same¡¡spirit¡¡as¡¡the¡¡decemvirs£»¡¡followed¡¡their¡¡example¡¡in¡¡augmenting¡¡the¡¡penal¡¡laws¡¡against¡¡satirical¡¡writers¡£

43¡£¡¡Book¡¡i£»¡¡28¡£

44¡£¡¡Poenas¡¡facinorum¡¡auxit£»¡¡cum¡¡locupletes¡¡eo¡¡facilius¡¡scelere¡¡se¡¡obligarent£»¡¡quod¡¡integris¡¡patrimoniis¡¡exularent¡£¡¡¡¡Suetonius¡¡in¡¡Life¡¡of¡¡Julius¡¡C£¿sar£»¡¡162¡£

45¡£¡¡See¡¡the¡¡Leg¡£¡¡3£»¡¡¡ì¡¡legis£»¡¡ad¡¡leg¡£¡¡Cornel£»¡¡de¡¡sicariis£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡number¡¡of¡¡others¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Digest¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Codex¡£

46¡£¡¡Sublimiores¡£

47¡£¡¡Medios¡£

48¡£¡¡Infirnos¡£¡¡Leg¡£¡¡3£»¡¡¡ì¡¡legis£»¡¡ad¡¡leg¡£¡¡Cornel£»¡¡de¡¡sicariis¡£

49¡£¡¡Jul¡£¡¡Cap¡££»¡¡Maximini¡¡duo£»¡¡8¡£

50¡£¡¡Chapter¡¡17¡£

51¡£¡¡Hist¡£¡¡of¡¡Nicephorus£»¡¡patriarch¡¡of¡¡Constantinople¡£

52¡£¡¡In¡¡Nicephorus'¡¡History¡£

53¡£¡¡Father¡¡Du¡¡Halde£»¡¡i£»¡¡p¡£¡¡6¡£

54¡£¡¡Present¡¡State¡¡of¡¡Russia£»¡¡Perry¡£

55¡£¡¡The¡¡English¡£

56¡£¡¡The¡¡citizens¡¡of¡¡Athens¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡put¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rack¡¡£¨Lysias£»¡¡Orat¡£¡¡contra¡¡Agorat¡££©¡¡unless¡¡it¡¡was¡¡for¡¡high¡¡treason¡£¡¡The¡¡torture¡¡was¡¡used¡¡within¡¡thirty¡¡days¡¡after¡¡condemnation¡£¡¡£¨Curius¡¡Fortunatus¡£¡¡Rhetor£»¡¡scol¡££»¡¡ii¡££©¡¡There¡¡was¡¡no¡¡preparatory¡¡torture¡£¡¡In¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡the¡¡Leg¡£¡¡3£»¡¡4£»¡¡ad¡¡leg¡£¡¡Jul¡£¡¡majest¡££»¡¡show¡¡that¡¡birth£»¡¡dignity£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡military¡¡profession¡¡exempted¡¡people¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rack£»¡¡except¡¡in¡¡cases¡¡of¡¡high¡¡treason¡£¡¡See¡¡the¡¡prudent¡¡restrictions¡¡of¡¡this¡¡practice¡¡made¡¡by¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Visigoths¡£

57¡£¡¡See¡¡Kempfer¡£

58¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡established¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Koran¡£¡¡See¡¡the¡¡chapter£»¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡Cow¡£

59¡£¡¡Si¡¡membrum¡¡rupit£»¡¡ni¡¡cum¡¡eo¡¡pacit£»¡¡talio¡¡esto¡£¡¡Aulus¡¡Gellius£»¡¡xx¡£¡¡i¡£

60¡£¡¡Ibid¡£

61¡£¡¡See¡¡also¡¡the¡¡Law¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Visigoths£»¡¡vi£»¡¡tit¡£¡¡4£»¡¡¡ì¡ì¡¡3£»¡¡5¡£

62¡£¡¡See¡¡Garcilasso£»¡¡History¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Civil¡¡Wars¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Spaniards¡¡in¡¡the¡¡West¡¡Indies¡£

63¡£¡¡¡¨Instead¡¡of¡¡punishing¡¡them£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡Plato£»¡¡¡¨they¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡commended¡¡for¡¡not¡¡having¡¡followed¡¡their¡¡fathers'¡¡example¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Laws£»¡¡ix¡£

64¡£¡¡Fragment¡¡of¡¡Suidas£»¡¡in¡¡Constantine¡¡Porphyrogenitus¡£




Book¡¡VII¡£¡¡Consequences¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Different¡¡Principles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Three¡¡Governments¡¡with¡¡Respect¡¡to¡¡Sumptuary¡¡Laws£»¡¡Luxury£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Condition¡¡of¡¡Women

1¡£¡¡Of¡¡Luxury¡£¡¡Luxury¡¡is¡¡ever¡¡in¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡the¡¡inequality¡¡of¡¡fortunes¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡riches¡¡of¡¡a¡¡state¡¡are¡¡equally¡¡divided¡¡there¡¡will¡¡be¡¡no¡¡luxury£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is¡¡founded¡¡merely¡¡on¡¡the¡¡conveniences¡¡acquired¡¡by¡¡the¡¡labour¡¡of¡¡others¡£

In¡¡order¡¡to¡¡have¡¡this¡¡equal¡¡distribution¡¡of¡¡riches£»¡¡the¡¡law¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡give¡¡to¡¡each¡¡man¡¡only¡¡what¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡nature¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡exceed¡¡these¡¡bounds£»¡¡some¡¡will¡¡spend£»¡¡and¡¡others¡¡will¡¡acquire£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡means¡¡an¡¡inequality¡¡will¡¡be¡¡established¡£

Supposing¡¡what¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡support¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡to¡¡be¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡a¡¡given¡¡sum£»¡¡the¡¡luxury¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡have¡¡only¡¡what¡¡is¡¡barely¡¡necessary¡¡will¡¡be¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡a¡¡cipher£º¡¡if¡¡a¡¡person¡¡happens¡¡to¡¡have¡¡double¡¡that¡¡sum£»¡¡his¡¡luxury¡¡will¡¡be¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡one£»¡¡he¡¡that¡¡has¡¡double¡¡the¡¡latter's¡¡substance¡¡will¡¡have¡¡a¡¡luxury¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡three£»¡¡if¡¡this¡¡be¡¡still¡¡doubled£»¡¡there¡¡will¡¡be¡¡a¡¡luxury¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡seven£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡property¡¡of¡¡the¡¡subsequent¡¡individual¡¡being¡¡always¡¡supposed¡¡double¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡preceding£»¡¡the¡¡luxury¡¡will¡¡increase¡¡double£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡unit¡¡be¡¡always¡¡added£»¡¡in¡¡this¡¡progression£»¡¡0£»¡¡1£»¡¡3£»¡¡7£»¡¡15£»¡¡31£»¡¡63£»¡¡127

In¡¡Plato's¡¡republic£»£§1£§¡¡luxury¡¡might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡exactly¡¡calculated¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡four¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡censuses¡¡or¡¡rates¡¡of¡¡estates¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡was¡¡exactly¡¡the¡¡term¡¡beyond¡¡poverty£»¡¡the¡¡second¡¡was¡¡double£»¡¡the¡¡third¡¡triple£»¡¡the¡¡fourth¡¡quadruple¡¡to¡¡the¡¡first¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡first¡¡census£»¡¡luxury¡¡was¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡a¡¡cipher£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡second¡¡to¡¡one£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡third¡¡to¡¡two£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fourth¡¡to¡¡three£º¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡it¡¡followed¡¡in¡¡an¡¡arithmetical¡¡proportion¡£

Considering¡¡the¡¡luxury¡¡of¡¡different¡¡nations¡¡with¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡one¡¡another£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡in¡¡each¡¡state¡¡a¡¡compound¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡the¡¡inequality¡¡of¡¡fortunes¡¡among¡¡the¡¡subjects£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡inequality¡¡of¡¡wealth¡¡in¡¡different¡¡states¡£¡¡In¡¡Poland£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an¡¡extreme¡¡inequality¡¡of¡¡fortunes£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡poverty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡binders¡¡them¡¡from¡¡having¡¡so¡¡much¡¡luxury¡¡as¡¡in¡¡a¡¡more¡¡opulent¡¡government¡£

Luxury¡¡is¡¡also¡¡in¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡the¡¡populousness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡towns£»¡¡and¡¡especially¡¡of¡¡the¡¡capital£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡in¡¡a¡¡compound¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡the¡¡riches¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡inequality¡¡of¡¡private¡¡fortunes£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡people¡¡settled¡¡in¡¡particular¡¡places¡£

In¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡the¡¡populousness¡¡of¡¡towns£»¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡are¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡notions¡¡of¡¡vanity£»¡¡and¡¡actuated¡¡by¡¡an¡¡ambition¡¡of¡¡distinguishing¡¡themselves¡¡by¡¡trifles¡££§2£§¡¡If¡¡they¡¡are¡¡very¡¡numerous£»¡¡and¡¡most¡¡of¡¡them¡¡strangers¡¡to¡¡one¡¡another£»¡¡their¡¡vanity¡¡redoubles£»¡¡because¡¡there¡¡are¡¡greater¡¡hopes¡¡of¡¡success¡£¡¡As¡¡luxury¡¡inspires¡¡these¡¡hopes£»¡¡each¡¡man¡¡assumes¡¡the¡¡marks¡¡of¡¡a¡¡superior¡¡condition¡£¡¡But¡¡by¡¡endeavouring¡¡thus¡¡at¡¡distinction£»¡¡every¡¡one¡¡becomes¡¡equal£»¡¡and¡¡distinction¡¡ceases£»¡¡as¡¡all¡¡are¡¡desirous¡¡of¡¡respect£»¡¡nobody¡¡is¡¡regarded¡£

Hence¡¡arises¡¡a¡¡general¡¡inconvenience¡£¡¡Those¡¡who¡¡excel¡¡in¡¡a¡¡profession¡¡set¡¡what¡¡value¡¡they¡¡please¡¡on¡¡their¡¡labour£»¡¡this¡¡example¡¡is¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡people¡¡of¡¡inferior¡¡abilities£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an¡¡end¡¡of¡¡all¡¡proportion¡¡between¡¡our¡¡wants¡¡and¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of¡¡satisfying¡¡them¡£¡¡When¡¡I¡¡am¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡law£»¡¡I¡¡must¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡fee¡¡counsel£»¡¡when¡¡I¡¡am¡¡sick£»¡¡I¡¡must¡¡have¡¡it¡¡in¡¡my¡¡power¡¡to¡¡fee¡¡a¡¡physician¡£

It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡opinion¡¡of¡¡several¡¡that¡¡the¡¡assemblage¡¡of¡¡so¡¡great¡¡a¡¡multitude¡¡of¡¡people¡¡in¡¡capital¡¡cities¡¡is¡¡an¡¡obstruction¡¡to¡¡commerce£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡are¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡at¡¡a¡¡proper¡¡distance¡¡from¡¡each¡¡other¡£¡¡But¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡think¡¡so£»¡¡for¡¡men¡¡have¡¡more¡¡desires£»¡¡more¡¡wants£»¡¡more¡¡fancies£»¡¡when¡¡they¡¡live¡¡together¡£

2¡£¡¡Of¡¡sumptuary¡¡Laws¡¡in¡¡a¡¡Democracy¡£¡¡We¡¡have¡¡observed¡¡that¡¡in¡¡a¡¡republic£»¡¡where¡¡riches¡¡are¡¡equally¡¡divided£»¡¡there¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡such¡¡thing¡¡as¡¡luxury£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡we¡¡have¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡the¡¡5th¡¡Book£§3£§¡¡that¡¡this¡¡equal¡¡distribution¡¡constitutes¡¡the¡¡excellence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡republican¡¡government£»¡¡hence¡¡it¡¡follows£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡less¡¡luxury¡¡there¡¡is¡¡in¡¡a¡¡republic£»¡¡the¡¡more¡¡it¡¡is¡¡perfect¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡none¡¡among¡¡the¡¡old¡¡Romans£»¡¡none¡¡among¡¡the¡¡Laced£¿monians£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡republics¡¡where¡¡this¡¡equality¡¡is¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ