the expression of emotion in man and animals-第26节

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The　appearance　of　dejection　in　young　orangs　and　chimpanzees；　when　out　of　health；　is　as　plain　and　almost　as　pathetic　as　in　the　case　of　our　children。　This　state　of　mind　and　body　is　shown　by　their　listless　movements；　fallen　countenances；　dull　eyes；　and　changed　complexion。


＇12＇　Rengger；　ibid。　　s。　　46。　　Humboldt；　‘Personal　Narrative；　Eng。　　translat。　vol。　　iv。　　p。　　527。　　｛Illust。　caption　=　FIG。　　16。_Cynopithecus　niger_；　in　a　placid　condition。

Drawn　from　life　by　Mr。　Wolf。　　FIG。　　17。The　same；　when　pleased　by　being　caressed。｝

_Anger_。This　emotion　is　often　exhibited　by　many　kinds　of　monkeys；　and　is　expressed；　as　Mr。　Martin　remarks；＇13＇　in　many　different　ways。　〃Some　species；　when　irritated；　pout　the　lips；　gaze　with　a　fixed　and　savage　glare　on　their　foe；　and　make　repeated　short　starts　as　if　about　to　spring　forward；　uttering　at　the　same　time　inward　guttural　sounds。　Many　display　their　anger　by　suddenly　advancing；　making　abrupt　starts；　at　the　same　time　opening　the　mouth　and　pursing　up　the　lips；　so　as　to　conceal　the　teeth；　while　the　eyes　are　daringly　fixed　on　the　enemy；　as　if　in　savage　defiance。　　Some　again；　and　principally　the　long…tailed　monkeys；　or　Guenons；　display　their　teeth；　and　accompany　their　malicious　grins　with　a　sharp；　abrupt；　reiterated　cry。〃　Mr。　Sutton　confirms　the　statement　that　some　species　uncover　their　teeth　when　enraged；　whilst　others　conceal　them　by　the　protrusion　of　their　lips；　and　some　kinds　draw　back　their　ears。　The　_Cynopithecus　niger_；　lately　referred　to；　acts　in　this　manner；　at　the　same　time　depressing　the　crest　of　hair　on　its　forehead；　and　showing　its　teeth；　so　that　the　movements　of　the　features　from　anger　are　nearly　the　same　as　those　from　pleasure；　and　the　two　expressions　can　be　distinguished　only　by　those　familiar　with　the　animal。

Baboons　often　show　their　passion　and　threaten　their　enemies　in　a　very　odd　manner；　namely；　by　opening　their　mouths　widely　as　in　the　act　of　yawning。　　Mr。　Bartlett　has　often　seen　two　baboons；　when　first　placed　in　the　same　compartment；　sitting　opposite　to　each　other　and　thus　alternately　opening　their　mouths；　and　this　action　seems　frequently　to　end　in　a　real　yawn。　Mr。　Bartlett　believes　that　both　animals　wish　to　show　to　each　other　that　they　are　provided　with　a　formidable　set　of　teeth；　as　is　undoubtedly　the　case。　　As　I　could　hardly　credit　the　reality　of　this　yawning　gesture；　Mr。　Bartlett　insulted　an　old　baboon　and　put　him　into　a　violent　passion；　and　he　almost　immediately　thus　acted。　Some　species　of　Macacus　and　of　Cereopithecus＇14＇　behave　in　the　same　manner。　　Baboons　likewise　show　their　anger；　as　was　observed　by　Brehin　with　those　which　he　kept　alive　in　Abyssinia；　in　another　manner；　namely；　by　striking　the　ground　with　one　hand；　〃like　an　angry　man　striking　the　table　with　his　fist。〃　I　have　seen　this　movement　with　the　baboons　in　the　Zoological　Gardens；　but　sometimes　the　action　seems　rather　to　represent　the　searching　for　a　stone　or　other　object　in　their　beds　of　straw。


＇13＇　Nat。　　Hist。　　of　Mammalia；　1841；　p。　　351。

Mr。　Sutton　has　often　observed　the　face　of　the　_Macacus　rhesus_；　when　much　enraged；　growing　red。　　As　he　was　mentioning　this　to　me；　another　monkey　attacked　a　_rhesus_；　and　I　saw　its　face　redden　as　plainly　as　that　of　a　man　in　a　violent　passion。　　In　the　course　of　a　few　minutes；　after　the　battle；　the　face　of　this　monkey　recovered　its　natural　tint。　At　the　same　time　that　the　face　reddened；　the　naked　posterior　part　of　the　body；　which　is　always　red；　seemed　to　grow　still　redder；　but　I　cannot　positively　assert　that　this　was　the　case。　When　the　Mandrill　is　in　any　way　excited；　the　brilliantly　coloured；　naked　parts　of　the　skin　are　said　to　become　still　more　vividly　coloured。

With　several　species　of　baboons　the　ridge　of　the　forehead　projects　much　over　the　eyes；　and　is　studded　with　a　few　long　hairs；　representing　our　eyebrows。　　These　animals　are　always　looking　about　them；　and　in　order　to　look　upwards　they　raise　their　eyebrows。　They　have　thus；　as　it　would　appear；　acquired　the　habit　of　frequently　moving　their　eyebrows。　　However　this　may　be；　many　kinds　of　monkeys；　especially　the　baboons；　when　angered　or　in　any　way　excited；　rapidly　and　incessantly　move　their　eyebrows　up　and　down；　as　well　as　the　hairy　skin　of　their　foreheads。＇15＇　As　we　associate　in　the　case　of　man　the　raising　and　lowering　of　the　eyebrows　with　definite　states　of　the　mind；　the　almost　incessant　movement　of　the　eyebrows　by　monkeys　gives　them　a　senseless　expression。　I　once　observed　a　man　who　had　a　trick　of　continually　raising　his　eyebrows　without　any　corresponding　emotion；　and　this　gave　to　him　a　foolish　appearance；　so　it　is　with　some　persons　who　keep　the　corners　of　their　mouths　a　little　drawn　backwards　and　upwards；　as　if　by　an　incipient　smile；　though　at　the　time　they　are　not　amused　or　pleased。


＇14＇　Brehm；　‘Thierleben；'　B。　i。　　s。　　84。　　On　baboons　striking　the　ground；　s。　　61。

A　young　orang；　made　jealous　by　her　keeper　attending　to　another　monkey；　slightly　uncovered　her　teeth；　and；　uttering　a　peevish　noise　like　_tish…shist_；　turned　her　back　on　him。　　Both　orangs　and　chimpanzees；　when　a　little　more　angered；　protrude　their　lips　greatly；　and　make　a　harsh　barking　noise。　A　young　female　chimpanzee；　in　a　violent　passion；　presented　a　curious　resemblance　to　a　child　in　the　same　state。　　She　screamed　loudly　with　widely　open　mouth；　the　lips　being　retracted　so　that　the　teeth　were　fully　exposed。　She　threw　her　arms　wildly　about；　sometimes　clasping　them　over　her　head。　She　rolled　on　the　ground；　sometimes　on　her　back；　sometimes　on　her　belly；　and　bit　everything　within　reach。　　A　young　gibbon　（_Hylobates　syndactylus_）　in　a　passion　has　been　described＇16＇　as　behaving　in　almost　exactly　the　same　manner。

The　lips　of　young　orangs　and　chimpanzees　are　protruded；　sometimes　to　a　wonderful　degree；　under　various　circumstances。　They　act　thus；　not　only　when　slightly　angered；　sulky；　or　disappointed；　but　when　alarmed　at　anythingin　one　instance；　at　the　sight　of　a　turtle；＇17＇and　likewise　when　pleased。　But　neither　the　degree　of　protrusion　nor　the　shape　of　the　mouth　is　exactly　the　same；　as　I　believe；　in　all　cases；　and　the　sounds　which　are　then　uttered　are　different。　The　accompanying　drawing　represents　a　chimpanzee　made　sulky　by　an　orange　having　been　offered　him；　and　then　taken　away。　A　similar　protrusion　or　pouting　of　the　lips；　though　to　a　much　slighter　degree；　may　be　seen　in　sulky　children。


＇15＇　Brehm　remarks　（‘Thierleben；'　s。　　68）　that　the　eyebrows　of　the　_Inuus　ecaudatus_　are　frequently　moved　up　and　down　when　the　animal　is　angered。

＇16＇　G。　Bennett；　‘Wanderings　in　New　South　Wales；'　&c。　vol。　ii。　　1834；　p。　　153。　　FIG。　　18。…Chimpanzee　disappointed　and　sulky。　Drawn　from　life　by　Mr。　Wood。

Many　years　ago；　in　the　Zoological　Gardens；　I　placed　a　looking…glass　on　the　floor　before　two　young　orangs；　who；　as　far　as　it　was　known；　had　never　before　seen　one。　　At　first　they　gazed　at　their　own　images　with　the　most　steady　surprise；　and　often　changed　their　point　of　view。　They　then　approached　close　and　protruded　their　lips　towards　the　image；　as　if　to　kiss　it；　in　exactly　the　same　manner　as　they　had　previously　done　towards　each　other；　when　first　placed；　a　few　days　before；　in　the　same　room。　They　next　made　all　sorts　of　grimaces；　and　put　themselves　in　various　attitudes　before　the　mirror；　they　pressed　and　rubbed　the　surface；　they　placed　their　hands　at　different　distances　behind　it；　looked　behind　it；　and　finally　seemed　almost　frightened；　started　a　little；　became　cross；　and　refused　to　look　any　longer。

When　we　try　to　perform　some　little　action　which　is　difficult　and　requires　precision；　for　instance；　to　thread　a　needle；　we　generally　close　our　lips　firmly；　for　the　sake；　I　presume；　of　not　disturbing　our　movements　by　breathing；　and　I　noticed　the　same　action　in　a　young　Orang。　　The　poor　little　creature　was　sick；　and　was　amusing　itself　by　trying　to　kill　the　flies　on　the　window…panes　with　its　knuckles；　this　was　difficult　as　the　flies　buzzed　about；　and　at　each　attempt　the　lips　were　firmly　compressed；　and　at　the　same　time　slightly　protruded。


＇17＇　W。　L。　Martin；　Nat。　　Hist。　　of　Mamm。　　Animals；　1841；　p。　　405。

Although　the　countenances；　and　more　especially　the　gestures；　of　orangs　and　chimpanzees　are　in　some　respects　highly　expressive；　I　doubt　whether　on　the　whole　they　are　so　expressive　as　those　of　some　other　kinds　of　monkeys。　This　may　be　attributed　in　part　to　their　ears　being　immovable；　and　in　part　to　the　nakedness　of　their　eyebrows；　of　which　the　movements　are　thus　rendered　less　conspicuous。　　When；　however；　they　raise　their　eyebrows　their　foreheads　become；　as　with　us；　transversely　wrinkled。　In　comparison　with　man；　their　faces　are　inexpressive；　chiefly　owing　to　their　not　frowning　under　any　emotion　of　the　mindthat　is；　as　far　as　I　have　been　able　to　observe；　and　I　carefully　attended　to　this　point。　Frowning；　which　is　one　of　the　most　important　of　all　the　expressions　in　man；　is　due　to　the　contraction　of　the　corrugators　by　which　the　eyebrows　are　lowered　and　brought　together；　so　that　vertical　furrows　are　formed　on　the　forehead。　Both　the　orang　and　chimpanzee　are　said＇18＇　to　possess　this　muscle；　but　it　seems　rarely　brought　into　action；　at　least　in　a　conspicuous　manner。　I　made　my　hands　into　a　sort　of　cage；　and　placing　some　tempting　fruit　within；　allowed　both　a　young　orang　and　chimpanzee　to　try　their　utmost