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第76节

e8东的信 _作者: 美 沃伦·巴菲特-第76节

小说: e8东的信 _作者: 美 沃伦·巴菲特 字数: 每页4000字

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却不甚了了。
We hope that other business engagements won't keep Nicholas away from this year's meeting。 If he attends; he will be offered the chance to again ask the first question; Charlie and I want to tackle him while we're fresh。 This year; however; it's Charlie's turn to answer。
我希望今年Nicholas最好有其它的事要忙,不要来参加今年的股东会,若他真的出席了,他可能有机会再提出第一个问题,查理跟我都希望尽量不要碰到他,还好今年轮到查理先回答。
U。 S。 STEEL ANNOUNCES SWEEPING MODERNIZATION SCHEME*

 附录A
美国钢铁公司宣布全面更新计画
本文是葛拉罕于1936年所写未对外公开的讽刺性文章,由巴菲特于1954年提供
Myron C。 Taylor; Chairman of U。 S。 Steel Corporation; today announced the long awaited plan for pletely modernizing the world's largest industrial enterprise。 Contrary to expectations; no changes will be made in the pany's manufacturing or selling policies。 Instead; the bookkeeping system is to be entirely revamped。 By adopting and further improving a number of modern accounting and financial devices the corporation's earning power will be amazingly transformed。 Even under the subnormal conditions of 1935; it is estimated that the new bookkeeping methods would have yielded a reported profit of close to 50 per share on the mon stock。 The scheme of improvement is the result of a prehensive survey made by Messrs。 Price; Bacon; Guthrie & Colpitts; it includes the following six points: 
Myron C。 Taylor…美国钢铁公司的董事长,今天宣布令人期待已久,有关全世界最大的制造公司的全面更新计画,与预期相反的,公司的制造或是销售政策全部没有变动,反而是会计帐务系统做了大幅度的调整,在采取一系列最新最好的现代会计与财务措施之后,公司的获利能力因而大幅增进,即使是在景气不佳的1935年,在采用新的会计制度下,估计每股盈余还是可以达到50美元的水准,这项改造计画是经由Messrs等人经过广泛的研究调查后制定的,其中主要包含六大点:
1。 Writing down of Plant Account to Minus 1;000;000;000。 2。 Par value of mon stock to be reduced to 1¢。 3。 Payment of all wages and salaries in option warrants。 4。 Inventories to be carried at 1。 5。 Preferred Stock to be replaced by non…interest bearing bonds redeemable at 50% discount。 6。 A 1;000;000;000 Contingency Reserve to be established。 
(1)将厂房价值减少到负的10亿美元 (2)普通股每股面额减到一美分 (3)以认股权的方式支付所有的薪水与奖金 (4)存货的帐面价值减为1美元 (5)原有特别股改成不必马上支付利息50%折价发行的公司债 (6)建立10亿美元的或有准备
The official statement of this extraordinary Modernization Plan follows in full: 
以下就是这项全面更新计画的官方完整声明
The Board of Directors of U。 S。 Steel Corporation is pleased to announce that after intensive study of the problems arising from changed conditions in the industry; it has approved a prehensive plan for remodeling the Corporation's accounting methods。 A survey by a Special mittee; aided and abetted by Messrs。 Price; Bacon; Guthrie & Colpitts; revealed that our pany has lagged somewhat behind other American business enterprises in utilizing certain advanced bookkeeping methods; by means of which the earning power may be phenomenally enhanced without requiring any cash outlay or any changes in operating or sales conditions。 It has been decided not only to adopt these newer methods; but to develop them to a still higher stage of perfection。 The changes adopted by the Board may be summarized under six heads; as follows: 
美国钢铁公司的董事会很高兴向大家宣布,在经过对产业界所面临的问题广泛地研究之后,我们已经核准了一项重新塑造公司会计制度的方案,一项由特别委员会主导并经Messrs等人协助之下完成的调查显示,我们公司在运用最先进的会计制度方面远远落后于其它美国企业,透过这样的做法,公司不必负担额外的支出、营业与销售政策也不必改变,就可以不费吹灰之力地大大改善获利能力,所以大家一致决定不但要立即跟进采用,而且还要将这项技术发展到淋漓尽致的境界,董事会所采用的做法,主要可以归纳为以下六点:
1。 Fixed Assets to be written down to Minus 1;000;000;000。固定资产减为负的10亿美元
Many representative panies have relieved their ine accounts of all charges for depreciation by writing down their plant account to 1。 The Special mittee points out that if their plants are worth only 1; the fixed assets of U。 S。 Steel Corporation are worth a good deal less than that sum。 It is now a well…recognized fact that many plants are in reality a liability rather than an asset; entailing not only depreciation charges; but taxes; maintenance; and other expenditures。 Accordingly; the Board has decided to extend the write…down policy initiated in the 1935 report; and to mark down the Fixed Assets from 1;338;522;858。96 to a round Minus 1;000;000;000。 
许多代表公司都已将其帐列厂房价值减为象征性的1美元,好让其损益表免于折旧费用沉重的负担,特别委员会指出如果它们的厂房只值1美元,那么美国钢铁的的固定资产比起它们来说还要少很多,事实上近来大家都承认一项事实,许多厂房对公司来说实际上是一种负债而不是资产,除了要摊提折旧之外,还要负担税金、维修及其它开支,因此董事会决定要从1935年开始将资产打销,从原先帐列1;338;522;858。96美元减少为负的1;000;000;000美元。
The advantages of this move should be evident。 As the plant wears out; the liability bees correspondingly reduced。 Hence; instead of the present depreciation charge of some 47;000;000 yearly there will be an annual appreciation credit of 5%; or 50;000;000。 This will increase earnings by no less than 97;000;000 per annum。 
这样做法的效益相当明显,随着工厂逐渐折减,所代表的负债也相对地减少,因此以往每年4;700万的折旧费用不但可以免除,以后每年还可以有5;000万美元的折旧利益,一来一往等于让公司的获利至少增加9;700万美元。
2。 Reduction of Par Value of mon Stock to 1¢; and 3。 Payment of Salaries and Wages in Option Warrants。 
将普通股面额减少到1美分。所有的薪资与奖金一律以认股权的方式发放。
Many corporations have been able to reduce their overhead expenses substantially by paying a large part of their executive salaries in the form of options to buy stock; which carry no charge against earnings。 The full possibilities of this modern device have apparently not been adequately realized。 The Board of Directors has adopted the following advanced form of this idea: 
许多企业早已将本来应该支付给经营主管薪水奖金的大笔支出改以不必认列费用的股票认股权方式取代,这种现代化的创新做法很明显地还没有被充分运用,所以董事会决定采取一项更先进的做法。企业所有的员工将发给认购价为50美元的认股权作为薪资的替代,而普通股面额则减少到1美分。
The entire personnel of the Corporation are to receive their pensation in the form of rights to buy mon stock at 50 per share; at the rate of one purchase right for each 50 of salary and/or wages in their present amounts。 The par value of the mon stock is to be reduced to 1¢。 The almost incredible advantages of this new plan are evident from the following: 
这项计画很明显的有下列好处:
A。 The payroll of the Corporation will be entirely eliminated; a saving of 250;000;000 per annum; based on 1935 operations。 
A公司将不再有任何的薪资支出,参考1935年的情况,每年估计将因此省下2。5亿美元。
B。 At the same time; the effective pensation of all our employees will be increased several fold。 Because of the large earnings per share to be shown on our mon stock under the new methods; it is certain that the shares will mand a price in the market far above the option level of 50 per share; making the readily realizable value of these option warrants greatly in excess of the present cash wages that they will replace。 
B同时,所有员工的报酬将因此增加好几倍,因为在新的会计原则之下公司帐上显示的每股盈余将因此大增,从而使得公司的股价远高于认股权所设定的50美元认购价,于是所有的员工都将因为认股权的行使而受惠,所得到的报酬将远比他们原来领的现金收入要高的多。
C。 The Corporation will realize an additional large annual profit through the exercise of these warrants。 Since the par value of the mon stock will be fixed at 1¢; there will be a gain of 49。99 on each share subscribed for。 In the interest of conservative accounting; however; this profit will not be included in the ine account; but will be shown separately as a credit to Capital Surplus。 
C透过这些认股权的行使,公司因此还可以实现额外特别的年度利益,而由于我们将普通股面额设定为1美分,因此每认购一股便能产生49。99美元的利益,虽然就会计学保守的立场,这些利益可能无法显现在损益表之上,但却可以在资产负债表上以资本溢价的方式单独列示。
D。 The Corporation's cash position will be enormously strengthened。 In place of the present annual cash outgo of 250;000;000 for wages (1935 basis); there will be annual cash inflow of 250;000;000 through exercise of the subscription warrants for 5;000;000 shares of mon stock。 The pany's large earnings and strong cash position will permit the payment of a liberal dividend which; in turn; will result in the exercise of these option warrants immediately after issuance which; in turn; will further improve the cash position which; in turn; will permit a higher dividend rate  and so on; indefinitely。 
D企业的现金部位也会因此大大地增强,每年不但不再有2。5亿美元的薪资流出,透过行使500万股认股权的做法,每年还可以创造2。5亿美元的现金流入,公司惊人的获利能力加上坚强的现金部位将使得我们可以随心所欲地配发股利,然后我们又可以透过行使认股权的方式补强现金实力,之后又可以有更高的配股能力,如此一直循环下去。
4。 Inventories to be carried at 1。 
4。帐列存货价值调为1美元
Serious losses have been taken during the depression due to the necessity of adjusting inventory value to market。 Various enterprises  not

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