the antiquities of the jews-1-第37节

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Oracle。　Now　this　breastplate；　and　this　sardonyx；　left　off　shining
two　hundred　years　before　I　composed　this　book；　God　having　been
displeased　at　the　transgressions　of　his　laws。　Of　which　things　we
shall　further　discourse　on　a　fitter　opportunity；　but　I　will　now
go　on　with　my　proposed　narration。

10。　The　tabernacle　being　now　consecrated；　and　a　regular　order
being　settled　for　the　priests；　the　multitude　judged　that　God　now
dwelt　among　them；　and　betook　themselves　to　sacrifices　and　praises
to　God　as　being　now　delivered　from　all　expectation　of　evils　and
as　entertaining　a　hopeful　prospect　of　better　times　hereafter。
They　offered　also　gifts　to　God　some　as　common　to　the　whole
nation；　and　others　as　peculiar　to　themselves；　and　these　tribe　by
tribe；　for　the　heads　of　the　tribes　combined　together；　two　by　two；
and　brought　a　waggon　and　a　yoke　of　oxen。　These　amounted　to　six；
and　they　carried　the　tabernacle　when　they　journeyed。　Besides
which；　each　head　of　a　tribe　brought　a　bowl；　and　a　charger；　and　a
spoon；　of　ten　darics；　full　of　incense。　Now　the　charger　and　the
bowl　were　of　silver；　and　together　they　weighed　two　hundred
shekels；　but　the　bowl　cost　no　more　than　seventy　shekels；　and
these　were　full　of　fine　flour　mingled　with　oil；　such　as　they　used
on　the　altar　about　the　sacrifices。　They　brought　also　a　young
bullock；　and　a　ram；　with　a　lamb　of　a　year　old；　for　a　whole
burnt…offering；　as　also　a　goat　for　the　forgiveness　of　sins。　Every
one　of　the　heads　of　the　tribes　brought　also　other　sacrifices；
called　peace…offerings；　for　every　day　two　bulls；　and　five　rams；
with　lambs　of　a　year　old；　and　kids　of　the　goats。　These　heads　of
tribes　were　twelve　days　in　sacrificing；　one　sacrificing　every
day。　Now　Moses　went　no　longer　up　to　Mount　Sinai；　but　went　into
the　tabernacle；　and　learned　of　God　what　they　were　to　do；　and　what
laws　should　be　made；　which　laws　were　preferable　to　what　have　been
devised　by　human　understanding；　and　proved　to　be　firmly　observed
for　all　time　to　come；　as　being　believed　to　be　the　gift　of　God；
insomuch　that　the　Hebrews　did　not　transgress　any　of　those　laws；
either　as　tempted　in　times　of　peace　by　luxury；　or　in　times　of　war
by　distress　of　affairs。　But　I　say　no　more　here　concerning　them；
because　I　have　resolved　to　compose　another　work　concerning　our
laws。

CHAPTER　9。

The　Manner　Of　Our　Offering　Sacrifices。

1。　I　Will　now；　however；　make　mention　of　a　few　of　our　laws　which
belong　to　purifications；　and　the　like　sacred　offices；　since　I　am
accidentally　come　to　this　matter　of　sacrifices。　These　sacrifices
were　of　two　sorts；　of　those　sorts　one　was　offered　for　private
persons；　and　the　other　for　the　people　in　general；　and　they　are
done　in　two　different　ways。　In　the　one　case；　what　is　slain　is
burnt；　as　a　whole　burnt…offering；　whence　that　name　is　given　to
it；　but　the　other　is　a　thank…offering；　and　is　designed　for
feasting　those　that　sacrifice。　I　will　speak　of　the　former。
Suppose　a　private　man　offer　a　burnt…offering；　he　must　slay　either
a　bull；　a　lamb；　or　a　kid　of　the　goats；　and　the　two　latter　of　the
first　year；　though　of　bulls　he　is　permitted　to　sacrifice　those　of
a　greater　age；　but　all　burnt…offerings　are　to　be　of　males。　When
they　are　slain；　the　priests　sprinkle　the　blood　round　about　the
altar；　they　then　cleanse　the　bodies；　and　divide　them　into　parts；
and　salt　them　with　salt；　and　lay　them　upon　the　altar；　while　the
pieces　of　wood　are　piled　one　upon　another；　and　the　fire　is
burning；　they　next　cleanse　the　feet　of　the　sacrifices；　and　the
inwards；　in　an　accurate　manner　and　so　lay　them　to　the　rest　to　be
purged　by　the　fire；　while　the　priests　receive　the　hides。　This　is
the　way　of　offering　a　burnt…offering。

2。　But　those　that　offer　thank…offerings　do　indeed　sacrifice　the
same　creatures；　but　such　as　are　unblemished；　and　above　a　year
old；　however；　they　may　take　either　males　or　females。　They　also
sprinkle　the　altar　with　their　blood；　but　they　lay　upon　the　altar
the　kidneys　and　the　caul；　and　all　the　fat；　and　the　lobe　of　the
liver；　together　with　the　rump　of　the　lamb；　then；　giving　the
breast　and　the　right　shoulder　to　the　priests；　the　offerers　feast
upon　the　remainder　of　the　flesh　for　two　days；　and　what　remains
they　burn。

3。　The　sacrifices　for　sins　are　offered　in　the　same　manner　as　is
the　thank…offering。　But　those　who　are　unable　to　purchase　complete
sacrifices；　offer　two　pigeons；　or　turtle　doves；　the　one　of　which
is　made　a　burnt…offering　to　God；　the　other　they　give　as　food　to
the　priests。　But　we　shall　treat　more　accurately　about　the
oblation　of　these　creatures　in　our　discourse　concerning
sacrifices。　But　if　a　person　fall　into　sin　by　ignorance；　he　offers
an　ewe　lamb；　or　a　female　kid　of　the　goats；　of　the　same　age；　and
the　priests　sprinkle　the　blood　at　the　altar；　not　after　the　former
manner；　but　at　the　corners　of　it。　They　also　bring　the　kidneys　and
the　rest　of　the　fat；　together　with　the　lobe　of　the　liver；　to　the
altar；　while　the　priests　bear　away　the　hides　and　the　flesh；　and
spend　it　in　the　holy　place；　on　the　same　day；　（23）　for　the　law
does　not　permit　them　to　leave　of　it　until　the　morning。　But　if　any
one　sin；　and　is　conscious　of　it　himself；　but　hath　nobody　that　can
prove　it　upon　him；　he　offers　a　ram；　the　law　enjoining　him　so　to
do；　the　flesh　of　which　the　priests　eat；　as　before；　in　the　holy
place；　on　the　same　day。　And　if　the　rulers　offer　sacrifices　for
their　sins；　they　bring　the　same　oblations　that　private　men　do；
only　they　so　far　differ；　that　they　are　to　bring　for　sacrifices　a
bull　or　a　kid　of　the　goats；　both　males。

4。　Now　the　law　requires；　both　in　private　and　public　sacrifices；
that　the　finest　flour　be　also　brought；　for　a　lamb　the　measure　of
one　tenth　deal；　…　for　a　ram　two；　…　and　for　a　bull　three。　This
they　consecrate　upon　the　altar；　when　it　is　mingled　with　oil；　for
oil　is　also　brought　by　those　that　sacrifice；　for　a　bull　the　half
of　an　hin；　and　for　a　ram　the　third　part　of　the　same　measure；　and
one　quarter　of　it　for　a　lamb。　This　hin　is　an　ancient　Hebrew
measure；　and　is　equivalent　to　two　Athenian　choas　（or　congiuses）。
They　bring　the　same　quantity　of　oil　which　they　do　of　wine；　and
they　pour　the　wine　about　the　altar；　but　if　any　one　does　not　offer
a　complete　sacrifice　of　animals；　but　brings　fine　flour　only　for　a
vow；　he　throws　a　handful　upon　the　altar　as　its　first…fruits；
while　the　priests　take　the　rest　for　their　food；　either　boiled　or
mingled　with　oil；　but　made　into　cakes　of　bread。　But　whatsoever　it
be　that　a　priest　himself　offers；　it　must　of　necessity　be　all
burnt。　Now　the　law　forbids　us　to　sacrifice　any　animal　at　the　same
time　with　its　dam；　and；　in　other　cases；　not　till　the　eighth　day
after　its　birth。　Other　sacrifices　there　are　also　appointed　for
escaping　distempers；　or　for　other　occasions；　in　which
meat…offerings　are　consumed；　together　with　the　animals　that　are
sacrificed；　of　which　it　is　not　lawful　to　leave　any　part　till　the
next　day；　only　the　priests　are　to　take　their　own　share。

CHAPTER　10。

Concerning　The　Festivals；　And　How　Each　Day　Of　Such　Festival　Is　To
Be　Observed。

1。　The　law　requires；　that　out　of　the　public　expenses　a　lamb　of
the　first　year　be　killed　every　day；　at　the　beginning　and　at　the
ending　of　the　day；　but　on　the　seventh　day；　which　is　called　the
Sabbath；　they　kill　two；　and　sacrifice　them　in　the　same　manner。　At
the　new　moon；　they　both　perform　the　daily　sacrifices；　and　slay
two　bulls；　with　seven　lambs　of　the　first　year；　and　a　kid　of　the
goats　also；　for　the　expiation　of　sins；　that　is；　if　they　have
sinned　through　ignorance。

2。　But　on　the　seventh　month；　which　the　Macedonians　call
Hyperberetaeus；　they　make　an　addition　to　those　already　mentioned；
and　sacrifice　a　bull；　a　ram；　and　seven　lambs；　and　a　kid　of　the
goats；　for　sins。

3。　On　the　tenth　day　of　the　same　lunar　month；　they　fast　till　the
evening；　and　this　day　they　sacrifice　a　bull；　and　two　rams；　and
seven　lambs；　and　a　kid　of　the　goats；　for　sins。　And；　besides
these；　they　bring　two　kids　of　the　goats；　the　one　of　which　is　sent
alive　out　of　the　limits　of　the　camp　into　the　wilderness　for　the
scapegoat；　and　to　be　an　expiation　for　the　sins　of　the　whole
multitude；　but　the　other　is　brought　into　a　place　of　great
cleanness；　within　the　limits　of　the　camp；　and　is　there　burnt；
with　its　skin；　without　any　sort　of　cleansing。　With　this　goat　was
burnt　a　bull；　not　brought　by　the　people；　but　by　the　high　priest；
at　his　own　charges；　which；　when　it　was　slain；　he　brought　of　the
blood　into　the　holy　place；　together　with　the　blood　of　the　kid　of
the　goats；　and　sprinkled　the　ceiling　with　his　finger　seven　times；
as　also　its　pavement；　and　again　as　often　toward　the　most　holy
place；　and　about　the　golden　altar：　he　also　at　last　brings　it　into
the　open　court；　and　sprinkles　it　about　the　great　altar。　Besides
this；　they　set　the　extremities；　and　the　kidneys；　and　the　fat；
with　the　lobe　of　the　liver；　upon　the　altar。　The　high　priest
likewise　presents　a　ram　to　God　as　a　burnt…offering。

4。　Upon　the　fifteenth　day　of　the　same　month；　when　the　season　of
the　year　is　changing　for　winter；　the　law　enjoins　us　to　pitch
tabernacles　in　every　one　of　our　houses；　so　that　we　preserve
ourselves　from　the　cold　of　that　time　of　the　year；　as　also　that
when　we　should　arrive　at　our　own　country；　and　come　to　that　city
which　we　should　have　then　for　our