historical lectures and essays(臥櫛帽署帽旋煽雰讐恙)-及2准
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winter at Hope�察�and last�察�but not least�察�the terrible Freydisa�察�who�察�when the
Norse are seized with a sudden panic at the Esquimaux and flee from them�察�
as they had three weeks before fled from Thorfinn's bellowing bull�察�turns�察�
when so weak that she cannot escape�察�single´ handed on the savages�察�and
catching up a slain man's sword�察 �puts them all to flight with her fierce
visage and fierce criesFreydisa the Terrible�察 �who�察 �in another voyage�察�
persuades her husband to fall on Helgi and Finnbogi�察 �when asleep�察 �and
murder them and all their men�察�and then�察�when he will not murder the five
women too�察�takes up an axe and slays them all herself�察�and getting back to
Greenland�察 �when the dark and unexplained tale es out�察 �lives
unpunished�察 �but abhorred henceforth。 All these folks�察 �I say�察 �are no
phantoms�察�but realities�察�at least�察�if I can judge of internal evidence。
But beyond them�察�and hovering on the verge of Mythus and Fairyland�察�
there is a ballad called ;Finn the Fair�察─�and how
An upland Earl had twa braw sons�察�My story to begin�察�The tane was
Light Haldane the strong�察�The tither was winsome Finn。
and so forth�察�which was still sung�察�with other ;rimur�察─�or ballads�察�in
the Faroes�察�at the end of the last century。 Professor Rafn has inserted it�察�
because it talks of Vinland as a well´known place�察 �and because the
brothers are sent by the princess to slay American kings�察�but that Rime has
another value。 It is of a beauty so perfect�察�and yet so like the old Scotch
ballads in its heroic conception of love�察 �and in all its forms and its
qualities�察�that it is one proof more�察�to any student of early European poetry�察�
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that we and these old Norsemen are men of the same blood。
If anything more important than is told by Professor Rafn and Mr。
Black ��2�� be now known to the antiquarians of Massachusetts�察 �let me
entreat them to pardon my ignorance。 But let me record my opinion that�察�
though somewhat too much may have been made in past years of certain
rock´inscriptions�察�and so forth�察�on this side of the Atlantic�察�there can be no
reasonable doubt that our own race landed and tried to settle on the shore
of New England six hundred years before their kinsmen�察 �and�察 �in many
cases�察 �their actual descendants�察 �the august Pilgrim Fathers of the
seventeenth century。 And so�察 �as I said�察 �a Scandinavian dynasty might
have been seated now upon the throne of Mexico。 And how was that
strange chance lost�拭 �First�察 �of course�察 �by the length and danger of the
coasting voyage。 It was one thing to have�察�like Columbus and Vespucci�察�
Cortes and Pizarro�察 �the Azores as a halfway port�察 �another to have
Greenland�察 �or even Iceland。 It was one thing to run south´west upon
Columbus's track�察�across the Mar de Damas�察�the Ladies' Sea�察�which hardly
knows a storm�察�with the blazing blue above�察�the blazing blue below�察�in an
ever´warming climate�察 �where every breath is life and joy�察 �another to
struggle against the fogs and icebergs�察�the rocks and currents of the dreary
North Atlantic。 No wonder�察�then�察�that the knowledge of Markland�察�and
Vinland�察 �and Whiteman's Land died away in a few generations�察 �and
became but fireside sagas for the winter nights。
But there were other causes�察�more honourable to the dogged energy of
the Norse。 They were in those very years conquering and settling nearer
home as no other peopleunless�察 �perhaps�察 �the old Ionian Greeks
conquered and settled。
Greenland�察�we have seen�察�they heldthe western side at leastand held
it long and well enough to afford�察�it is said�察�2��600 pounds of walrus' teeth
as yearly tithe to the Pope�察 �besides Peter's pence�察 �and to build many a
convent�察�and church�察�and cathedral�察�with farms and homesteads round�察�for
one saga speaks of Greenland as producing wheat of the finest quality。
All is ruined now�察�perhaps by gradual change of climate。
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But they had richer fields of enterprise than Greenland�察 �Iceland�察 �and
the Faroes。 Their boldest outlaws at that very timewhether from
Norway�察 �Sweden�察 �Denmark�察 �or Britainwere forming the imperial life´
guard of the Byzantine Emperor�察 �as the once famous Varangers of
Constantinople�察�and that splendid epoch of their race was just dawning�察�of
which my lamented friend�察�the late Sir Edmund Head�察�says so well in his
preface to Viga Glum's Icelandic Saga�察 �The Sagas�察�of which this tale is
one�察�were posed for the men who have left their mark in every corner
of Europe�察 �and whose language and laws are at this moment important
elements in the speech and institutions of England�察�America�察�and Australia。
There is no page of modern history in which the influence of the
Norsemen and their conquests must not be taken into accountRussia�察�
Constantinople�察 �Greece�察 �Palestine�察 �Sicily�察 �the coasts of Africa�察 �Southern
Italy�察�France�察�the Spanish Peninsula�察�England�察�Scotland�察�Ireland�察�and every
rock and island round them�察�have been visited�察�and most of them at one
time or the other ruled�察 �by the men of Scandinavia。 The motto on the
sword of Roger Guiscard was a proud one�此�
Appulus et Calaber�察�Siculus mihi servit et Afer。
Every island�察 �says Sir Edmund Head�察 �and trulyfor the name of
almost every island on the coast of England�察�Scotland�察�and Eastern Ireland�察�
ends in either EY or AY or OE�察�a Norse appellative�察�as is the word ;island;
itselfis a mark of its having been�察�at some time or other�察�visited by the
Vikings of Scandinavia。
Norway�察�meanwhile�察�was convulsed by war�察�and what perhaps was of
more immediate consequence�察 �Svend Fork´beard�察 �whom we Englishmen
call Sweynthe renegade from that Christian Faith which had been forced
on him by his German conqueror�察�the Emperor Otto II。with his illustrious
son Cnut�察 �whom we call Canute�察 �were just calling together all the most
daring spirits of the Baltic coasts for the subjugation of England�察�and when
that great feat was performed�察�the Scandinavian emigration was paralysed�察�
probably�察 �for a time by the fearful wars at home。 While the king of
Sweden�察 �and St。 Olaf Tryggvason�察 �king of Norway�察 �were setting on
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Denmark during Cnut's pilgrimage to Rome�察 �and Cnut�察 �sailing with a
mighty fleet to Norway�察�was driving St。 Olaf into Russia�察�to return and fall
in the fratricidal battle of Stiklesteadduring�察 �strangely enough�察 �a total
eclipse of the sunVinland was like enough to remain still uncolonised。
After Cnut's short´lived triumphking as he was of Denmark�察 �Norway�察�
England�察 �and half Scotland�察 �and what not of Wendish Folk inside the
Balticthe force of the Norsemen seems to have been exhausted in their
native lands。 Once more only�察�if I remember right�察�did ;Lochlin�察─�really
and hopefully send forth her ;mailed swarm; to conquer a foreign land�察�
and with a result unexpected alike by them and by their enemies。 Had it
been otherwise�察�we might not have been here this day。
Let me sketch for you once morethough you have heard it�察�doubtless�察�
many a timethe tale of that tremendous fortnight which settled the fate of
Britain�察�and therefore of North America�察�which decidedjust in those great
times when the decision was to be made´ ´whether we should be on a par
with the other civilised nations of Europe�察�like them the ;heirs of all the
ages�察─ �with our share not only of Roman Christianity and Roman
centralisationa member of the great ity of European nations�察 �held
together in one Christian bond by the Popebut heirs also of Roman
civil