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historical lectures and essays(臥櫛帽署帽旋煽雰讐恙)-及2准


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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




winter at Hope�察�and last�察�but not least�察�the terrible Freydisa�察�who�察�when the 

Norse are seized with a sudden panic at the Esquimaux and flee from them�察�

as they had three weeks before fled from Thorfinn's bellowing bull�察�turns�察�

when so weak that she cannot escape�察�single´ handed on the savages�察�and 

catching   up   a   slain   man's   sword�察  �puts   them   all   to   flight   with   her   fierce 

visage   and   fierce   criesFreydisa   the   Terrible�察  �who�察  �in   another   voyage�察�

persuades   her   husband   to   fall   on   Helgi   and   Finnbogi�察  �when   asleep�察  �and 

murder them and all their men�察�and then�察�when he will not murder the five 

women too�察�takes up an axe and slays them all herself�察�and getting back to 

Greenland�察       �when     the   dark    and    unexplained       tale   es     out�察   �lives 

unpunished�察      �but   abhorred     henceforth。      All    these   folks�察  �I  say�察  �are  no 

phantoms�察�but realities�察�at least�察�if I can judge of internal evidence。 

     But beyond them�察�and hovering on the verge of Mythus and Fairyland�察�

there is a ballad called ;Finn the Fair�察─�and how 

       An upland Earl had twa braw sons�察�My story to begin�察�The tane was 

Light Haldane the strong�察�The tither was winsome Finn。 

       and so forth�察�which was still sung�察�with other ;rimur�察─�or ballads�察�in 

the Faroes�察�at the end of the last century。             Professor Rafn has inserted it�察�

because      it  talks  of   Vinland    as   a  well´known       place�察  �and    because     the 

brothers are sent by the princess to slay American kings�察�but that Rime has 

another value。        It is of a beauty so perfect�察�and yet so like the old Scotch 

ballads     in  its  heroic   conception      of  love�察  �and   in   all  its  forms   and   its 

qualities�察�that it is one proof more�察�to any student of early European poetry�察�



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that we and these old Norsemen are men of the same blood。 

     If   anything   more   important   than   is   told   by   Professor   Rafn   and   Mr。 

Black   ��2��   be   now   known   to   the   antiquarians   of   Massachusetts�察  �let   me 

entreat them to pardon my ignorance。                But let me record my opinion that�察�

though somewhat too much may have been made in past years of certain 

rock´inscriptions�察�and so forth�察�on this side of the Atlantic�察�there can be no 

reasonable doubt that our own race landed and tried to settle on the shore 

of   New   England   six   hundred   years   before   their   kinsmen�察  �and�察  �in   many 

cases�察    �their   actual    descendants�察      �the   august    Pilgrim     Fathers     of   the 

seventeenth   century。        And   so�察  �as   I   said�察  �a   Scandinavian   dynasty   might 

have   been   seated   now   upon   the   throne   of   Mexico。        And   how   was   that 

strange   chance   lost�拭     �First�察  �of   course�察  �by   the   length   and   danger   of   the 

coasting voyage。         It was one thing to have�察�like Columbus and Vespucci�察�

Cortes     and    Pizarro�察   �the   Azores     as  a   halfway     port�察  �another    to   have 

Greenland�察  �or   even   Iceland。        It   was   one   thing   to   run   south´west   upon 

Columbus's track�察�across the Mar de Damas�察�the Ladies' Sea�察�which hardly 

knows a storm�察�with the blazing blue above�察�the blazing blue below�察�in an 

ever´warming         climate�察   �where    every    breath   is  life  and   joy�察  �another    to 

struggle against the fogs and icebergs�察�the rocks and currents of the dreary 

North Atlantic。        No wonder�察�then�察�that the knowledge of Markland�察�and 

Vinland�察     �and   Whiteman's       Land    died   away     in  a  few    generations�察    �and 

became but fireside sagas for the winter nights。 

     But there were other causes�察�more honourable to the dogged energy of 

the Norse。       They were in those very years conquering and settling nearer 

home      as   no   other    peopleunless�察     �perhaps�察    �the   old   Ionian     Greeks 

conquered and settled。 

     Greenland�察�we have seen�察�they heldthe western side at leastand held 

it long and well enough to afford�察�it is said�察�2��600 pounds of walrus' teeth 

as   yearly   tithe   to   the   Pope�察  �besides   Peter's   pence�察  �and   to   build   many   a 

convent�察�and church�察�and cathedral�察�with farms and homesteads round�察�for 

one   saga   speaks   of   Greenland   as   producing   wheat   of   the   finest   quality。 

All is ruined now�察�perhaps by gradual change of climate。 



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     But they  had   richer fields of   enterprise than   Greenland�察  �Iceland�察  �and 

the    Faroes。     Their     boldest    outlaws     at  that   very    timewhether       from 

Norway�察  �Sweden�察  �Denmark�察  �or   Britainwere   forming   the   imperial   life´ 

guard     of   the   Byzantine      Emperor�察     �as  the   once    famous     Varangers      of 

Constantinople�察�and that splendid epoch of their race was just dawning�察�of 

which my lamented friend�察�the late Sir Edmund Head�察�says so well in his 

preface to Viga Glum's Icelandic Saga�察 �The Sagas�察�of which this tale is 

one�察�were posed for the men who have left their mark in every corner 

of   Europe�察  �and   whose   language   and   laws   are   at   this   moment   important 

elements in the speech and institutions of England�察�America�察�and Australia。 

There      is  no   page    of  modern      history    in  which     the   influence    of   the 

Norsemen   and   their   conquests   must   not   be   taken   into   accountRussia�察�

Constantinople�察  �Greece�察  �Palestine�察  �Sicily�察  �the   coasts   of Africa�察  �Southern 

Italy�察�France�察�the Spanish Peninsula�察�England�察�Scotland�察�Ireland�察�and every 

rock and island round them�察�have been visited�察�and most of them at one 

time   or   the   other   ruled�察 �by  the   men   of   Scandinavia。      The   motto   on   the 

sword of Roger Guiscard was a proud one�此�

       Appulus et Calaber�察�Siculus mihi servit et Afer。 

       Every   island�察  �says   Sir   Edmund   Head�察  �and   trulyfor   the   name   of 

almost every island on the coast of England�察�Scotland�察�and Eastern Ireland�察�

ends in either EY or AY or OE�察�a Norse appellative�察�as is the word ;island; 

itselfis a mark of its having been�察�at some time or other�察�visited by the 

Vikings of Scandinavia。 

     Norway�察�meanwhile�察�was convulsed by war�察�and what perhaps was of 

more   immediate   consequence�察  �Svend   Fork´beard�察  �whom  we   Englishmen 

call Sweynthe renegade from that Christian Faith which had been forced 

on him by his German conqueror�察�the Emperor Otto II。with his illustrious 

son   Cnut�察  �whom   we   call   Canute�察  �were   just   calling   together   all   the   most 

daring spirits of the Baltic coasts for the subjugation of England�察�and when 

that great feat was performed�察�the Scandinavian emigration was paralysed�察�

probably�察  �for   a   time   by   the   fearful   wars   at   home。    While   the   king   of 

Sweden�察      �and   St。   Olaf   Tryggvason�察      �king   of   Norway�察    �were    setting    on 



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Denmark   during   Cnut's   pilgrimage   to   Rome�察  �and   Cnut�察  �sailing   with   a 

mighty fleet to Norway�察�was driving St。 Olaf into Russia�察�to return and fall 

in   the   fratricidal   battle   of   Stiklesteadduring�察  �strangely   enough�察  �a   total 

eclipse   of  the  sunVinland   was   like   enough   to   remain   still   uncolonised。 

After   Cnut's   short´lived   triumphking   as   he   was   of   Denmark�察  �Norway�察�

England�察  �and   half   Scotland�察  �and   what   not   of   Wendish   Folk   inside   the 

Balticthe force of the Norsemen seems to have been exhausted in their 

native lands。       Once more only�察�if I remember right�察�did ;Lochlin�察─�really 

and hopefully  send forth her ;mailed   swarm; to   conquer a  foreign  land�察�

and with a result unexpected alike by them and by their enemies。                        Had it 

been otherwise�察�we might not have been here this day。 

     Let me sketch for you once morethough you have heard it�察�doubtless�察�

many a timethe tale of that tremendous fortnight which settled the fate of 

Britain�察�and therefore of North America�察�which decidedjust in those great 

times when the decision was to be made´ ´whether we should be on a par 

with the other civilised nations of Europe�察�like them the ;heirs of all the 

ages�察─    �with    our   share    not   only    of   Roman      Christianity     and    Roman 

centralisationa   member   of   the   great   ity   of   European   nations�察  �held 

together   in   one   Christian   bond   by   the   Popebut   heirs   also   of   Roman 

civil

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