god the invisible king-第12节

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t　individuals。　　Natural　History；　which　began　by　　putting　individuals　into　species　as　if　the　latter　were　mere　　classificatory　divisions；　has　come　to　see　that　the　species　has　its　　adventures；　its　history　and　drama；　far　exceeding　in　interest　and　　importance　the　individual　adventure。　　〃The　Origin　of　Species〃　was　　for　countless　minds　the　discovery　of　a　new　romance　in　life。　The　contrast　of　the　individual　life　and　this　specific　life　may　be　　stated　plainly　and　compactly　as　follows。　　A　little　while　ago　we　　current　individuals；　we　who　are　alive　now；　were　each　of　us　　distributed　between　two　parents；　then　between　four　grandparents；　and　　so　on　backward；　we　are　temporarily　assembled；　as　it　were；　out　of　an　　ancestral　diffusion；　we　stand　our　trial；　and　presently　our　　individuality　is　dispersed　and　mixed　again　with　other　　individualities　in　an　uncertain　multitude　of　descendants。　　But　the　　species　is　not　like　this；　it　goes　on　steadily　from　newness　to　　newness；　remaining　still　a　unity。　　The　drama　of　the　individual　life　　is　a　mere　episode；　beneficial　or　abandoned；　in　this　continuing　　adventure　of　the　species。　　And　Metchnikoff　finds　most　of　the　trouble　　of　life　and　the　distresses　of　life　in　the　fact　that　the　species　is　　still　very　painfully　adjusting　itself　to　the　fluctuating　conditions　　under　which　it　lives。　　The　conflict　of　life　is　a　continual　pursuit　　of　adjustment；　and　the　〃ills　of　life；〃　of　the　individual　life　that　　is；　are　due　to　its　〃disharmonies。〃　　Man；　acutely　aware　of　himself　as　　an　individual　adventure　and　unawakened　to　himself　as　a　species；　　finds　life　jangling　and　distressful；　finds　death　frustration。　　He　　fails　and　falls　as　a　person　in　what　may　be　the　success　and　triumph　　of　his　kind。　　He　does　not　apprehend　the　struggle　or　the　nature　of　　victory；　but　only　his　own　gravitation　to　death　and　personal　　extinction。　Now　Professor　Metchnikoff　is　anti…religious；　and　he　is　anti…　religious　because　to　him　as　to　so　many　Europeans　religion　is　　confused　with　priest…craft　and　dogmas；　is　associated　with　　disagreeable　early　impressions　of　irrational　repression　and　　misguidance。　　How　completely　he　misconceives　the　quality　of　　religion；　how　completely　he　sees　it　as　an　individual's　affair；　his　　own　words　may　witness：

〃Religion　is　still　occupied　with　the　problem　of　death。　　The　　solutions　which　as　yet　it　has　offered　cannot　be　regarded　as　　satisfactory。　　A　future　life　has　no　single　argument　to　support　it；　　and　the　non…existence　of　life　after　death　is　in　consonance　with　the　　whole　range　of　human　knowledge。　　On　the　other　hand；　resignation　as　　preached　by　Buddha　will　fail　to　satisfy　humanity；　which　has　a　　longing　for　life；　and　is　overcome　by　the　thought　of　the　　inevitability　of　death。〃

Now　here　it　is　clear　that　by　death　he　means　the　individual　death；　　and　by　a　future　life　the　prolongation　of　individuality。　　But　　Buddhism　does　not　in　truth　appear　ever　to　have　been　concerned　with　　that；　and　modern　religious　developments　are　certainly　not　under　that　　preoccupation　with　the　narrower　self。　　Buddhism　indeed　so　far　from　　〃preaching　resignation〃　to　death；　seeks　as　its　greater　good　a　death　　so　complete　as　to　be　absolute　release　from　the　individual's　burthen　　of　KARMA。　　Buddhism　seeks　an　ESCAPE　FROM　INDIVIDUAL　IMMORTALITY。　　　The　deeper　one　pursues　religious　thought　the　more　nearly　it　　approximates　to　a　search　for　escape　from　the　self…centred　life　and　　over…individuation；　and　the　more　it　diverges　from　Professor　　Metchnikoff's　assertion　of　its　aims。　　Salvation　is　indeed　to　lose　　one's　self。　　But　Professor　Metchnikoff　having　roundly　denied　that　　this　is　so；　is　then　left　free　to　take　the　very　essentials　of　the　　religious　life　as　they　are　here　conceived　and　present　them　as　if　　they　were　the　antithesis　of　the　religious　life。　　His　book；　when　it　　is　analysed；　resolves　itself　into　just　that　research　for　an　escape　　from　the　painful　accidents　and　chagrins　of　individuation；　which　is　　the　ultimate　of　religion。　At　times；　indeed；　he　seems　almost　wilfully　blind　to　the　true　　solution　round　and　about　which　his　writing　goes。　　He　suggests　as　his　　most　hopeful　satisfaction　for　the　cravings　of　the　human　heart；　such　　a　scientific　prolongation　of　life　that　the　instinct　for　self…　preservation　will　be　at　last　extinct。　　If　that　is　not　the　very　　〃resignation〃　he　imputes　to　the　Buddhist　I　do　not　know　what　it　is。　　　He　believes　that　an　individual　which　has　lived　fully　and　completely　　may　at　last　welcome　death　with　the　same　instinctive　readiness　as；　in　　the　days　of　its　strength；　it　shows　for　the　embraces　of　its　mate。　　We　　are　to　be　glutted　by　living　to　six　score　and　ten。　　We　are　to　rise　　from　the　table　at　last　as　gladly　as　we　sat　down。　　We　shall　go　to　　death　as　unresistingly　as　tired　children　go　to　bed。　　Men　are　to　have　　a　life　far　beyond　the　range　of　what　is　now　considered　their　prime；　　and　their　last　period　（won　by　scientific　self…control）　will　be　a　　period　of　ripe　wisdom　（from　seventy　to　eighty　to　a　hundred　and　　twenty　or　thereabouts）　and　public　service！　（But　why；　one　asks；　public　service？　　Why　not　book…collecting　or　the　　simple　pleasure　of　reminiscence　so　dear　to　aged　egotists？　　　Metchnikoff　never　faces　that　question。　　And　again；　what　of　the　man　　who　is　challenged　to　die　for　right　at　the　age　of　thirty？　　What　does　　the　prolongation　of　life　do　for　him？　　And　where　are　the　consolations　　for　accidental　misfortune；　for　the　tormenting　disease　or　the　lost　　limb？）　But　in　his　peroration　Professor　Metchnikoff　lapses　into　pure　　religiosity。　　The　prolongation　of　life　gives　place　to　sheer　self…　sacrifice　as　the　fundamental　〃remedy。〃　　And　indeed　what　other　remedy　　has　ever　been　conceived　for　the　general　evil　of　life？

〃On　the　other　hand；〃　he　writes；　〃the　knowledge　that　the　goal　of　　human　life　can　be　attained　only　by　the　development　of　a　high　degree　　of　solidarity　amongst　men　will　restrain　actual　egotism。　　The　mere　　fact　that　the　enjoyment　of　life　according　to　the　precepts　of　Solomon　　（Ecelesiastes　ix。　7…10）*　is　opposed　to　the　goal　of　human　life；　will　　lessen　luxury　and　the　evil　that　comes　from　luxury。　　Conviction　that　　science　alone　is　able　to　redress　the　disharmonies　of　the　human　　constitution　will　lead　directly　to　the　improvement　of　education　and　　to　the　solidarity　of　mankind。　*　Go　thy　way；　eat　thy　bread　with　joy；　and　drink　thy　wine　with　a　　merry　heart；　for　God　now　accepteth　thy　works。　　Let　thy　garments　be　　always　white；　and　let　thy　head　lack　no　ointment。　　Live　joyfully　with　　the　wife　whom　thou　lovest　all　the　days　of　the　life　of　thy　vanity；　　which　he　hath　given　thee　under　the　sun；　all　the　days　of　thy　vanity　　for　that　is　thy　portion　in　this　life；　and　in　thy　labour　which　thou　　takest　under　the　sun。　　whatsoever　thy　hand　findeth　to　do；　do　it　with　　thy　might；　for　there　is　no　work；　nor　device；　nor　knowledge；　nor　　wisdom；　in　the　grave；　whither　thou　goest。　〃In　progress　towards　the　goal；　nature　will　have　to　be　consulted　　continuously。　　Already；　in　the　case　of　the　ephemerids；　nature　has　　produced　a　complete　cycle　of　normal　life　ending　in　natural　death。　　　In　the　problem　of　his　own　fate；　man　must　not　be　content　with　the　　gifts　of　nature；　he　must　direct　them　by　his　own　efforts。　　Just　as　he　　has　been　able　to　modify　the　nature　of　animals　and　plants；　man　must　　attempt　to　modify　his　own　constitution；　so　as　to　readjust　its　　disharmonies。　。　。　。　〃To　modify　the　human　constitution；　it　will　be　necessary　first；　to　　frame　the　ideal；　and　thereafter　to　set　to　work　with　all　the　　resources　of　science。　〃If　there　can　be　formed　an　ideal　able　to　unite　men　in　a　kind　of　　religion　of　the　future；　this　ideal　must　be　founded　on　scientific　　principles。　　And　if　it　be　true；　as　has　been　asserted　so　often；　that　　man　can　live　by　faith　alone；　the　faith　must　be　in　the　power　of　　science。〃

Now　this；　after　all　the　flat　repudiations　that　have　preceded　it　of　　〃religion〃　and　〃philosophy〃　as　remedies　for　human　ills；　is　nothing　　less　than　the　fundamental　proposition　of　the　religious　life　　translated　into　terms　of　materialistic　science；　the　proposition　that　　damnation　is　really　over…individuation　and　that　salvahon　is　escape　　from　self　into　the　larger　being　of　life。　。　。　。　What　can　this　〃religion　of　the　future〃　be　but　that　devotion　to　the　　racial　adventure　under　the　captaincy　of　God　which　we　have　already　　found；　like　gold　in　the　bottom　of　the　vessel；　when　we　have　washed　　away　the　confusions　and　impurities　of　dogmatic　religion？　　By　an　　inquiry　setting　out　from　a　purely　religious　starting…point　we　have　　already　reached　conclusions　identical　with　this　ultimate　refuge　of　　an　extreme　materialist。　This　altar　to　the　Future　of　his；　we　can　claim　as　an　altar　to　our　　Godan　altar　rather　indistinctly　inscribed。

2。　SACRIFICE　IMPLIES　GOD

Almost　all　Agnostic　and　Atheistical　writings　that　show　any　fineness　　and　generosity　of　spirit；　have　this　tendency　to　become　as　it　were　　the　statement　of　an　anonymous　God。　　Everything　is　said　that　a　　religious　writer　would　sayexcept　that　God　is　not　named。　　Religious　　metaphors　abound。　　It　is　as　if　they　accepted　the　living　body　of　　religion　but　denied　the　bones　that　held　it　togetheras　they　might　　deny　the　bones　of　a　friend。　　It　is　true；　they　would　admit；　the　body　　moves　in　a　way　that　implies　bones　in　its　every　movement；　but　WE　　HAVE　NEVER　SEEN　THOSE　BONES。　The　disputes　in　theoryI　do　not　say　the　difference　in　reality　between　the　modern　believer　a