numa pompilius-第6节

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means　to　moral　than　to　economical　profit；　divided　all　the　lands　into
several　parcels；　to　which　he　gave　the　name　of　pagus；　or　parish；　and
over　every　one　of　them　he　ordained　chief　overseers；　and；　taking　a
delight　sometimes　to　inspect　his　colonies　in　person；　he　formed　his
judgment　of　every　man's　habits　by　the　results；　of　which　being
witness　himself；　he　preferred　those　to　honours　and　employments　who　had
done　well；　and　by　rebukes　and　reproaches　incited　the　indolent　and
careless　to　improvement。　But　of　all　his　measures　the　most　commended
was　his　distribution　of　the　people　by　their　trades　into　companies　or
guilds；　for　as　the　city　consisted；　or　rather　did　not　consist　of；　but
was　divided　into；　two　different　tribes；　the　diversity　between　which
could　not　be　effaced　and　in　the　meantime　prevented　all　unity　and
caused　perpetual　tumult　and　ill…blood；　reflecting　how　hard
substances　that　do　not　readily　mix　when　in　the　lump　may；　by　being
beaten　into　powder；　in　that　minute　form　he　combined；　he　resolved　to
divide　the　whole　population　into　a　number　of　small　divisions；　and　thus
hoped；　by　introducing　other　distinctions；　to　obliterate　the　original
and　great　distinction；　which　would　be　lost　among　the　smaller。　So；
distinguishing　the　whole　people　by　the　several　arts　and　trades；　he
formed　the　companies　of　musicians；　goldsmiths；　carpenters；　dyers；
shoemakers；　skinners；　braziers；　and　potters；　and　all　other
handicraftsmen　he　composed　and　reduced　into　a　single　company；
appointing　every　one　their　proper　courts；　councils；　and　religious
observances。　In　this　manner　all　factious　distinctions　began；　for　the
first　time；　to　pass　out　of　use；　no　person　any　longer　being　either
thought　of　or　spoken　of　under　the　notion　of　a　Sabine　or　a　Roman；　a
Romulian　or　a　Tatian；　and　the　new　division　became　a　source　of
general　harmony　and　intermixture。
　　He　is　also　much　to　be　commended　for　the　repeal；　or　rather　amendment；
of　that　law　which　gives　power　to　fathers　to　sell　their　children；　he
exempted　such　as　were　married；　conditionally　that　it　had　been　with　the
liking　and　consent　of　their　parents；　for　it　seemed　a　hard　thing　that　a
woman　who　had　given　herself　in　marriage　to　a　man　whom　she　judged
free　should　afterwards　find　herself　living　with　a　slave。
　　He　attempted；　also；　the　formation　of　a　calendar；　not　with　absolute
exactness；　yet　not　without　some　scientific　knowledge。　During　the　reign
of　Romulus；　they　had　let　their　months　run　on　without　any　certain　or
equal　term；　some　of　them　contained　twenty　days；　others　thirty…five；
others　more；　they　had　no　sort　of　knowledge　of　the　inequality　in　the
motions　of　the　sun　and　moon；　they　only　kept　to　the　one　rule　that　the
whole　course　of　the　year　contained　three　hundred　and　sixty　days。　Numa；
calculating　the　difference　between　the　lunar　and　the　solar　year　at
eleven　days；　for　that　the　moon　completed　her　anniversary　course　in
three　hundred　and　fifty…four　days；　and　the　sun　in　three　hundred　and
sixty…five；　to　remedy　this　incongruity　doubled　the　eleven　days；　and
every　other　year　added　an　intercalary　month；　to　follow　February；
consisting　of　twenty…two　days；　and　called　by　the　Romans　the　month
Mercedinus。　This　amendment；　however；　itself；　in　course　of　time；　came
to　need　other　amendments。　He　also　altered　the　order　of　the　months；　for
March；　which　was　reckoned　the　first　he　put　into　the　third　place；　and
January；　which　was　the　eleventh；　he　made　the　first；　and　February；
which　was　the　twelfth　and　last；　the　second。　Many　will　have　it；　that　it
was　Numa；　also；　who　added　the　two　months　of　January　and　February；
for　in　the　beginning　they　had　had　a　year　of　ten　months；　as　there　are
barbarians　who　count　only　three；　the　Arcadians；　in　Greece；　had　but
four；　the　Acarnanians；　six。　The　Egyptian　year　at　first；　they　say；
was　of　one　month；　afterwards；　of　four；　and　so；　though　they　live　in　the
newest　of　all　countries；　they　have　the　credit　of　being　a　more
ancient　nation　than　any；　and　reckon；　in　their　genealogies；　a
prodigious　number　of　years；　counting　months；　that　is；　as　years。　That
the　Romans；　at　first；　comprehended　the　whole　year　within　ten；　and
not　twelve　months；　plainly　appears　by　the　name　of　the　last；
December；　meaning　the　tenth　month；　and　that　March　was　the　first　is
likewise　evident；　for　the　fifth　month　after　it　was　called　Quintilis；
and　the　sixth　Sextilis；　and　so　the　rest；　whereas；　if　January　and
February　had；　in　this　account；　preceded　March；　Quintilis　would　have
been　fifth　in　name　and　seventh　in　reckoning。　It　was　also　natural
that　March；　dedicated　to　Mars；　should　be　Romulus's　first　and　April；
named　from　Venus；　or　Aphrodite；　his　second　month；　in　it　they　sacrifice
to　Venus；　and　the　women　bathe　on　the　calends；　or　first　day　of　it；　with
myrtle　garlands　on　their　heads。　But　others；　because　of　its　being　p　and
not　ph；　will　not　allow　of　the　derivation　of　this　word　from
Aphrodite；　but　say　it　is　called　April　from　aperio；　Latin　for　to
open；　because　that　this　month　is　high　spring；　and　opens　and
discloses　the　buds　and　flowers。　The　next　is　called　May；　from　Maia；　the
mother　of　Mercury；　to　whom　it　is　sacred；　then　June　follows；　so
called　from　Juno；　some；　however；　derive　them　from　the　two　ages；　old
and　young；　majores；　being　their　name　for　older；　and　juniores　for
younger　men。　To　the　other　months　they　gave　denominations　according
to　their　order；　so　the　fifth　was　called　Quintilis；　Sextilis　the　sixth；
and　the　rest；　September；　October；　November；　and　December。　Afterwards
Quintilis　received　the　name　of　Julius；　from　Caesar；　who　defeated
Pompey；　as　also　Sextilis　that　of　Augustus；　from　the　second　Caesar；　who
had　that　title。　Domitian；　also；　in　imitation；　gave　the　two　other
following　months　his　own　names；　of　Germanicus　and　Domitianus；　but；
on　his　being　slain；　they　recovered　their　ancient　denominations　of
September　and　October。　The　two　last　are　the　only　ones　that　have　kept
their　names　throughout　without　any　alteration。　Of　the　months　which
were　added　or　transposed　in　their　order　by　Numa；　February　comes　from
februa；　and　is　as　much　a　Purification　month；　in　it　they　make　offerings
to　the　dead；　and　celebrate　the　Lupercalia；　which；　in　most　points；
resembles　a　purification。　January　was　also　called　from　janus；　and
precedence　given　to　it　by　Numa　before　March；　which　was　dedicated　to
the　god　Mars；　because；　as　I　conceive；　he　wished　to　take　every
opportunity　of　intimating　that　the　arts　and　studies　of　peace　are　to　be
preferred　before　those　of　war。　For　this　Janus；　whether　in　remote
antiquity　he　were　a　demigod　or　a　king；　was　certainly　a　great　lover
of　civil　and　social　unity；　and　one　who　reclaimed　men　from　brutal　and
savage　living；　for　which　reason　they　figure　him　with　two　faces；　to
represent　the　two　states　and　conditions　out　of　the　one　of　which　he
brought　mankind；　to　lead　them　into　the　other。　His　temple　at　Rome　has
two　gates；　which　they　call　the　gates　of　war；　because　they　stand　open
in　the　time　of　war；　and　shut　in　the　times　of　peace；　of　which　latter
there　was　very　seldom　an　example；　for；　as　the　Roman　empire　was
enlarged　and　extended；　it　was　so　encompassed　with　barbarous　nations
and　enemies　to　be　resisted；　that　it　was　seldom　or　never　at　peace。　Only
in　the　time　of　Augustus　Caesar；　after　he　had　overcome　Antony；　this
temple　was　shut；　as　likewise　once　before；　when　Marcus　Atilius　and
Titus　Manlius　were　consuls；　but　then　it　was　not　long　before；　wars
breaking　out；　the　gates　were　again　opened。　But；　during　the　reign　of
Numa；　those　gates　were　never　seen　open　a　single　day；　but　continued
constantly　shut　for　a　space　of　forty…three　years　together；　such　an
entire　and　universal　cessation　of　war　existed。　For　not　only　had　the
people　of　Rome　itself　been　softened　and　charmed　into　a　peaceful　temper
by　the　just　and　mild　rule　of　a　pacific　prince；　but　even　the
neighbouring　cities；　as　if　some　salubrious　and　gentle　air　had　blown
from　Rome　upon　them；　began　to　experience　a　change　of　feeling；　and
partook　in　the　general　longing　for　the　sweets　of　peace　and　order；
and　for　life　employed　in　the　quiet　tillage　of　soil；　bringing　up　of
children；　and　worship　of　the　gods。　Festival　days　and　sports；　and　the
secure　and　peaceful　interchange　of　friendly　visits　and　hospitalities
prevailed　all　through　the　whole　of　Italy。　The　love　of　virtue　and
justice　flowed　from　Numa's　wisdom　as　from　a　fountain；　and　the　serenity
of　his　spirit　diffused　itself；　like　a　calm；　on　all　sides；　so　that
the　hyperboles　of　poets　were　flat　and　tame　to　express　what　then
existed；　as　that…

　　　　　　　　〃Over　the　iron　shield　the　spiders　hang　their　threads；〃

or　that…

　　　　　　　　〃Rust　eats　the　pointed　spear　and　double…edged　sword。
　　　　　　　　　No　more　is　heard　the　trumpet's　brazen　roar；
　　　　　　　　　Sweet　sleep　is　banished　from　our　eyes　no　more。〃

　　For　during　the　whole　reign　of　Numa；　there　was　neither　war；　nor
sedition；　nor　innovation　in　the　state；　nor　any　envy　or　ill…will　to　his
person；　nor　plot　or　conspiracy　from　views　of　ambition。　Either　fear
of　the　gods　that　were　thought　to　watch　over　him；　or　reverence　for
his　virtue；　or　divine　felicity　of　fortune　that　in　his　days　preserved
human　innocence；　made　his　reign；　by　whatever　means；　a　living　example
and　verification　of　that　saying　which　Plato；　long　afterwards；　ventured
to　pronounce；　that　the　sole　and　only　hope　of　respite　or　remedy　for
human　evils　was　in