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bloodshed; was one of Robespierre's most active agents。  He remembered

what he had done; as is evident by Michelet's narrative; and cast his

eyes down; well knowing that his present philanthropy could not

annihilate past acts。



'33' Archives Nationales; AF。  II。; 46。  Register of the Acts of the

Committee of Public Safety; vol。  II。; orders of August 3; 1793。



'34' On the concentration and accumulation of business; cf。  Archives

Nationales; ibid。; acts of Aug。  4; 5; 6; 1793; and AF。  II。; 23; acts

of Brumaire I and 15; year II。  … On the distribution and dispatch of

business in the Committee and the hours devoted to it; see Acts of

April 6; June 13; 17; 18; Aug。  3; 1793; and Germinal 27; year II。  …

After August 3; two sessions were held daily; from 8 o'clock in the

morning to 1 o'clock in the afternoon; and from 7 to 10 o'clock in the

evening; at 10 o'clock; the Executive Council met with the Committee

of Public Safety; and papers were signed about 2 or 3 o'clock in the

morning。  … The files of AF。  II。; 23 to 42; contain an account of the

doings of the Committee; the minutes of its meetings and of its

correspondence。  A perusal of these furnishes full details concerning

the initiative and responsibility of the Committee。  For example;

(Niv?se 4; year II。; letters to Freron and Barras; at Marseilles;)

〃The Committee commend the vigorous measures you have sanctioned in

your orders at Marseilles。  … Marseilles; through you; affords a great

example。  Accustomed; as you are; to wielding thunderbolts; you are

best calculated for still governing it。  。  。  How glorious; citizen

colleagues; to be able like you; after long continued labors and

immortal fame; how gratifying; under such auspices; to return to the

bosom of the National Convention! 〃 … (AF。  II。; 36; Pluvi?se 7; year

II。; letter to the representatives on mission at Bordeaux; approving

of the orders issued by them against merchants。) 〃concealed behind the

obscurity of its complots; mercantilism cannot support the ardent;

invigorating atmosphere of Liberty; Sybaritic indolence quails before

Spartan virtue。  〃 … (AF。  II。; 37; Pluvi?se 20; letter to Prieur de

la Marne; sent to Nantes to replace Carrier。) 〃Carrier; perhaps; has

been badly surrounded; 。  。。。  his ways are harsh; the means he

employs are not well calculated to win respect for the national

authority; 。  。  。  he is used up in that city。  He is to leave and go

elsewhere。〃 … (AF。  II。; 36; Niv?se 21; letter to Fouché; Laporte; and

Albitte; at Commune…affranchie; signed by Billaud…Varennes and

composed by him。) 〃The convention; Niv?se I; has approved of the

orders and other measures taken by you。  We can add nothing to its

approval。  The Committee of Public Safety subjects all operations to

the same principles; that is to say; it conforms to yours and acts

with you。〃



'35' Sainte…Beuve; 〃Nouveaux Lundis;〃 VIII。; 105。  (Unpublished report

by Vice…admiral Villaret…Joyeuse; May 28; 1794。)



'36' Carnot; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 107。



'37' Ibid。; I。; 450; 523; 527; 〃we often ate only a morsel of dry

bread on the Committee's table。〃



'38' Moniteur; XXI。; 362。  (Speech by Cambon; Session of Thermidor 11;

year II。)



'39' Beugnot; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 15。  (Stated by Jean Bon himself in a

conversation at Mayence in 1813。)



'40' Gaudia; duc de Gaéte; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 16; 28。  〃I owed my life to

Cambon personally; while; through his firmness; he preserved the whole

Treasury department; continually attacked by the all…powerful Jacobin

club。〃 … On the 8th of Thermidor; Robespierre was 〃very severe on the

administration of the Treasury; which he accused of an aristocratic

and anti…revolutionary spirit。。。。  Under this pretext; it was known

that the orator meant to propose an act of accusation against the

representative charged with its surveillance; as well as against the

six commissioners; and bring them before the Revolutionary Tribunal;

whose verdict could not be doubtful。〃 … Buchez et Roux; XXXIII。; 431;

436; 441。  Speech by Robespierre; Thermidor 8; year II。  。  。  〃。

Machiavellian designs against the small fund…holders of the State。  。

。  。  A contemptible financial system; wasteful; irritating;

devouring; absolutely independent of your supreme oversight。  。  。  。

Anti…revolution exists in the financial department。  。  。  。  Who are

its head administrators? Brissotins; Feuillants; aristocrats and well…

known knaves … the Cambons; the Mallarmés; the Ramels!〃



'41' Carnot; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 425。



'42' Moniteur; XXIV。; 47; 50。  (Session of Germinal 2; year II。)

Speeches by Lindet and Carnot with confirmatory details。  … Lindet

says that he had signed twenty thousand papers。  … Ibid。; XXXIII。;

591。  (Session of Vent?se 12; year III。  Speech by Barère。) 〃The labor

of the Committee was divided amongst the different members composing

it; but all; without distinction; signed each other's work。  I;

myself; knowing nothing of military affairs; have perhaps; in this

matter; given four thousand signatures。〃 … Ibid。; XXIV。; 74。  (Session

of Germinal 6; year III。) Speech of Lavesseur; witness of an animated

scene between Carnot and Robespierre concerning two of Carnot's

clerks; arrested by order of Robespierre。  … Carnot adds 〃 I had

myself signed this order of arrest without knowing it。〃 … Ibid。;

XXII。; 116。  (Session of Vendémiaire 8; year II。; speech by Carnot in

narrating the arrest of General Huchet for his cruelties in Vendée。)

On appearing before the committee of Public Safety; Robespierre

defended him and he was sent back to the army and promoted to a higher

rank; I was obliged to sign in spite of my opposition。〃



'43' Carnot; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 572。  (Speech by Carnot; Germinal 2; year

III。)



'44' Sénart; 〃Mémoires;〃 145; 153。  (Details on the members of the two

Committees。)



'45' Reports by Billaud on the organization of the revolutionary

government; November 18; 1793 and on the theory of democratic

government; April 20; 1794。  … Reports by Robespierre on the political

situation of the Republic; November 17; 1793; and on the principles of

revolutionary government; December 5; 1793。  … Information on the

genius of revolutionary laws; signed principally by Robespierre and

Billaud; November 29; 1793。  … Reports by Robespierre on the

principles of political morality which ought to govern the Convention;

February 5; 1794; and on the relationship between religious and moral

ideas and republican principles; May 7; 1794。



'46' Billaud no longer goes on mission after he becomes one of the

Committee of Public Safety。  Robespierre never went。  Barère; who is

of daily service; is likewise retained at Paris。  … All the others

serve on the missions and several repeatedly; and for a long time。



'47' Moniteur; XXIV。; 60。  The words of Carnot; session of Germinal 2;

year III。… Ibid。; XXII。; 138; words of Collot; session of Vendémiaire

12; year III。  〃Billaud and myself have sent into the departments

three hundred thousand written documents; and have made at least ten

thousand minutes (of meetings) with our own hand。〃



'48' Dussault 〃Fragment pour servir à l'histoire de la Convention。〃



'49' Thibaudeau; I。; 49。



'50' Arnault; 〃Souvenirs d'un Sexagenaire;〃 II。; 78。



'51' 〃Mémoires d'un Bourgeois de Paris;〃 by Veron; II。; 14。  (July 7;

1815。)



'52' Cf。  Thibaudeau; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 46。  〃It seemed; then; that to

escape imprisonment; or the scaffold; there was no other way than to

put others in your place。〃



'53' Carnot; 〃Mémoires。〃 I。; 508。



'54' Carnot; I。; 527。  (Words of Prieur de la C?te d'Or。)



'55' Carnot; ibid。; 527。  (The words of Prieur。)



'56' 〃La Nouvelle Minerve;〃 I。; 355; (Notes by Billaud…Varennes;

indited at St。  Domingo and copied by Dr。  Chervin。) 〃We came to a

decision only after being wearied out by the nightly meetings of our

Committee。〃



'57' Decree of September 17; 1793; on 〃Suspects。〃 Ordinance of the

Paris Commune; October 10; 1793; extending it so as to include 〃those

who; having done nothing against the Revolution; do nothing for it。〃 …

Cf。  〃Papers seized in Robespierre's apartments;〃 II。; 370; letter of

Payan。  〃Every man who has not been for the Revolution has been

against it; for he has done nothing for the country。  。  。  。  In

popular commissions; individual humanity; the moderation which assumes

the veil of justice; is criminal。〃



'58' Mortimer…Ternaux; VIII。; 394; and following pages; 414 and

following pages; (on the successive members of the two Committees)。



'59' Wallon; 〃Histoire du Tribunal Révolutionaire;〃 III。; 129…131。

Hérault de Sechelles; allied with Danton; and accused of being

indulgent; had just given guarantees; however; and applied the

revolutionary regime in Alsace with a severity worthy of Billaud。

(Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。  V。; 141。) 〃Instructions for

civil commissioners by Hérault; representati

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