the origins of contemporary france-4-第110节

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scientific　and　literary　objects。　　The　district　administrations　of

Blanc　（Indre）　notified　me　that　to　ensure　the　preservation　of　a

library；　they　had　the　books　put　in　casks。〃　…　Four　hundred　thousand

francs　were　expended　in　smashing　statues　of　the　Fathers　of　the　church；

forming　a　circle　around　the　dome　of　the　Invalides。　　…　A　great　many

objects　became　worthless　through　a　cessation　of　their　use：　for

example；　the　cathedral　of　Meaux　was　put　up　at　auction　and　found　no

purchaser　at　six　hundred　francs。　　The　materials　were　valued　at　forty…

five　thousand　francs；　but　labor　（for　taking　it　down）　was　too　high。

（Narrative　by　an　inhabitant　of　Meaux。）



＇46＇　Les　Origines　du　Système　Financier　Actuel；〃　by　Eugene　Sturm；　p。53；

79。



＇47＇　Meissner；　〃Voyage　à　Paris；〃　（end　of　1795）；　p。　　65。　　〃The　class　of

those　who　may　have　really　gained　by　the　Revolution。。。。　　is　composed　of

brokers；　army　contractors；　and　their　subordinates；　a　few　government

agents　and　fermiers；　enriching　themselves　by　their　new　acquisitions；

and　who　are　cool　and　shrewd　enough　to　hide　their　grain；　bury　their

gold　and　steadily　refuse　assignats。〃　…　Ibid。；　68；　70。　　〃　On　the　road；

he　asks　to　whom　a　fine　chateau　belongs；　and　they　tell　him　with　a

significant　look；　'to　a　former　scruffy　wretch。'　…　'Oh；　monsieur；'　said

the　landlady　at　Vesoul；　'for　every　one　that　the　Revolution　has　made

rich；　you　may　be　sure　that　it　has　made　a　thousand　poor。'〃



＇48＇　The　following　descriptions　and　appreciations　are　the　fruit　of

extensive　investigation；　scarcely　one　tenth　of　the　facts　and　texts

that　have　been　of　service　being　cited。　　I　must　refer　the　reader；

accordingly；　to　the　series　of　printed　and　written　documents　of　which　I

have　made　mention　in　this　and　the　three　preceding　volumes。



＇49＇　〃The　Ancient　Regime；〃　book　II。；　ch　2；　§　IV。



＇50＇　Ibid。；　book　IV。；　chs。　　I。；　II。；　III。



＇51＇　Lacretelle；　〃Histoire　de　France　au　18eme　Siecle；〃　V。；　2。　　…　…〃

The　Ancient　Regime；〃　pp。　　163；　300。



＇52＇　Morellet；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。；　166。　　（Letter　by　R？derer　to　Beccaria's

daughter；　May　20；　1797）。



＇53＇　Beccaria　（Cesare　Bonesana；　marquis　de）　（Milan　1738　…　id。　　1794）。

Italian　jurist；　whose　〃Traité　des　délits　et　des　peines　（1764）

contributed　to　the　reforms　and　the　softening　of　of　European　penal　law。

（SR）



＇54＇　Mallet…Dupan；　〃Mémoires；〃　II。；　493。　　〃While　the　Duke　of　Orleans

was　undergoing　his　examination　he　read　a　newspaper。〃　…　Ibid。；　497。

〃Nobody　died　with　more　firmness；　spirit　and　dignity　than　the　Duke　of

Orleans。　　He　again　became　a　royal　prince。　　On　being　asked　in　the

revolutionary　tribunal　whether　he　had　any　defense　to　make；　he　replied；

'Rather　die　to…day　than　to…morrow：　deliberate　about　it。'〃　His　request

was　granted。　　…　The　Duc　de　Biron　refused　to　escape；　considering　that；

in　such　a　dilemma；　it　was　not　worth　while。　　〃He　passed　his　time　in

bed；　drinking　Bordeaux　wine。　　。　　。　　。　　Before　the　tribunal；　they　asked

his　name　and　he　replied；　'Cabbage；　turnip；　Biron；　as　you　like；　one　is

as　good　as　the　other。'　'How！'　exclaimed　the　judges；　'you　are

insolent！'　'And　you　…　you　are　windbags！　I　Come　to　the　point；

Guillotine；　that　is　all　you　have　to　say；　while　I　have　nothing　to

say。'〃　Meanwhile　they　proceeded　to　interrogate　him　on　his　pretended

treachery　in　Vendée；　etc。　　〃'You　do　not　know　what　you　are　talking

about！　You　ignoramuses　know　nothing　about　war！　Stop　your　questions。　　I

reported　at　the　time　to　the　Committee　of　Public　Safety；　which　approved

of　my　conduct。　　Now；　it　has　changed　and　ordered　you　to　take　my　life。

Obey；　and　lose　no　more　time。'　Biron　asked　pardon　of　God　and　the　King。

Never　did　he　appear　better　than　on　the　（executioner's）　cart。〃



＇55＇　Morellet；　II。；　31。…〃Mémoires　de　la　Duchesse　de　Tourzel；〃　〃de

Mlle。　　des　écherolles；〃　etc。…Beugnot；　〃Mémoires；　I。；　200…203。　　〃The

wittiest　remarks；　the　most　delicate　allusions；　the　most　brilliant

repartees　were　exchanged　on　each　side　of　the　grating。　　The

conversation　was　general；　without　any　subject　being　dwelt　on。　　There；

misfortune　was　treated　as　if　it　were　a　bad　child　to　be　laughed　at；

and；　in　fact；　they　did　openly　make　sport　of　Marat's　divinity；

Robespierre's　sacerdoce　and　the　magistracy　of　Fouquier。　　They　seemed

to　say　to　all　these　bloody　menials：　'You　may　slaughter　us　when　you

please；　but　you　cannot　hinder　us　in　being　aimable'〃…Archives

Nationales；　F。7；　31167。　　（Report　by　the　watchman；　Charmont；　Niv？se　29；

year　II。）　〃The　people　attending　the　executions　are　very　much　surprised

at　the　firmness　and　courage　they　show　（sic）　on　mounting　the　scaffold。

They　say　that　it　looks　（sic）　like　going　to　a　wedding。　　People　cannot

get　used　to　it；　some　declaring　that　it　is　supernatural。〃



＇56＇　Sauzay；　I。。　　introduction。　　…　De　Tocqueville；　〃L'Ancien　Regime　et

la　Revolution；〃　166。　　〃I　have　patiently　read　most　of　the　reports　and

debates　of　the　provincial　états；'　and　especially　those　of　Languedoc；

where　the　clergy　took　much　greater　part　than　elsewhere　in

administrative　details；　as　well　as　the　procès…verbaux　of　the

provincial　assemblies　between　1779　and　1787；　and；　entering　on　the

study　with　the　ideas　of　my　time；　I　was　surprised　to　find　bishops　and

abbés；　among　whom　were　several　as　eminent　for　their　piety　as　their

learning；　drawing　up　reports　on　roads　and　canals；　treating　such

matters　with　perfect　knowledge　of　the　facts；　discussing　with　the

greatest　ability　and　intelligence　the　best　means　for　increasing

agricultural　products；　for　ensuring　the　well…being　of　the　people　and

the　property　of　industrial　enterprises；　oftentimes　much　better　than

the　laymen　who　were　interested　with　them　in　the　same　affairs。〃



＇57＇　〃The　Ancient　Regime；〃　p。300。　　…　〃　The　Revolution；〃　vol。　　I。；　p。

116。　　？？Buchez　et　Roux；　I。；　481。　　The　list　of　notables　convoked　by　the

King　in　1787　gives　an　approximate　idea　of　this　social　staff。　　Besides

the　leading　princes　and　seigniors　we　find；　among　one　hundred　and

thirty…four　members；　twelve　marshals　of　France；　eight　Councillors　of

State；　five　ma？tres　de　requêtes；　fourteen　bishops　and　archbishops；

twenty　presidents　and　seventeen　procureurs　géneraux　des　parlements；　or

of　royal　councils；　twenty…five　mayors；　prév？ts　des　marchands；

capitouls；　and　equerries　of　large　towns；　the　deputies　of　the　〃Etats〃

of　Burgundy；　Artois；　Brittany　and　Languedoc；　three　ministers　and　two

chief　clerks。　　…　The　capacities　were　all　there；　on　hand；　for　bringing

about　a　great　reform；　but　there　was　no　firm；　strong；　controlling　hand；

that　of　a　Richelieu　or　Frederic　II。



＇58＇　See　〃The　Revolution　II〃　Ed。　Lafont　page　617。　US　ediction　P。　　69。

（SR。）



＇59＇　〃Mémoires　de　Gaudin；〃　duc　de　Ga？te。



＇60＇　Mallet…Dupan；　〃Mémoires；〃　II。；　25；　24。　　〃The　War　Committee　is

composed　of　engineer　and　staff…officers；　of　which　the　principal　are

Meussuer；　Favart；　St。　　Fief；　d'Arcon；　LafitteClavé　and　a　few　others。

D'Arcon　directed　the　raising　of　the　siege　of　Dunkirk　and　that　of

Maubenge。　　。　　。　　。　　These　officers　were　selected　with　discernment；

they　planned　and　carried　out　the　operations；　aided　by　immense

resources；　in　the　shape　of　maps；　plans　and　reconnaissances　preserved

in　the　war　department；　they　really　operated　according　to　the

experience　and　intelligence　of　the　great　generals　under　the　monarchy。〃



＇61＇　Miot　de　Melito；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。；　47。　　…　Andre　Michel；

〃Correspondance　de　MalletDupan　avec　la　Cour　de　Vienne；〃　I。；　26。

（January　3；　1795。）　〃The　Convention　feels　so　strongly　the　need　of

suitable　aids　to　support　the　burden　of　its　embarrassments　as　to　now

seek　for　them　among　pronounced　royalists。　　For　instance；　it　has　just

offered　the　direction　of　the　royal　treasury　to　M。　Dufresne；　former

chief　of　the　department　under　the　reign　of　the　late　King；　and　retired

since　1790。　　It　is　the　same　spirit　and　making　a　still　more

extraordinary　selection；　which　leads　them　to　appoint　M。　Gerard　de

Rayneval　to　the　Commissariat　of　Foreign　Affairs；　chief…clerk　of

correspondence　since　the　ministry　of　the　Duc　de　Choiseul　until　that　of

the　Comte　de　Montmorin　inclusive。　　He　is　a　man　of　decided　opinions　and

an　equally　decided　character；　in　1790　I　saw　him　abandon　the　department

through　aversion　to　the　maxims　which　the　Revolution　had　forcibly

introduced　into　it。



＇62＇　Marshal　Marmont；　〃Mémoires。〃　At　nine　years　of　age　he　rode　on

horseback　and　hunted　daily　with　his　father。



＇63＇　Among　other　manuscript　documents；　a　letter　of　M。　Symn　de

Carneville；　March　II；　1781。　　（On　the　families　of　Carneville　and

Montmorin…Saint…Herem；　in　1789。）　The　latter　family　remains　in　France；

two　of　its　members　are　massacred；　two　executed；　a　fifth　〃escaped　the

scaffold　by　forestalling　the　justice　of　the　people；〃　the　sixth；

enlisted　in　the　revolutionary　armies；　received　a　shot　at　nineteen

years　of　age　which　made　him　blind。　　The　other　family　emigrated；　and

its　chiefs；　the　count　and　viscount　Carneville　commanded；　one；　a　free

company　in　the　Austrian　service；　and　the　other；　a　regiment　of　hussars

in　Conde's　army。　　Twelve　officers　of　these　two　corps　were　brothers…in…

law；　nephew