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the golden bough-及234准

弌傍 the golden bough 忖方 耽匈4000忖

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a wild pig察a leopard察and so forth。 When a man comes home察feeling ill察and says察I shall soon die察and dies accordingly察the people aver that one of his souls has been killed in a wild pig or a leopard and that the death of the external soul has caused the death of the soul in his body。 A similar belief in the external souls of living people is entertained by the Ibos察an important tribe of the Niger delta。 They think that a man's spirit can quit his body for a time during life and take up its abode in an animal。 A man who wishes to acquire this power procures a certain drug from a wise man and mixes it with his food。 After that his soul goes out and enters into an animal。 If it should happen that the animal is killed while the man's soul is lodged in it察the man dies察and if the animal be wounded察the man's body will presently be covered with boils。 This belief instigates to many deeds of darkness察for a sly rogue will sometimes surreptitiously administer the magical drug to his enemy in his food察and having thus smuggled the other's soul into an animal will destroy the creature察and with it the man whose soul is lodged in it。

The negroes of Calabar察at the mouth of the Niger察believe that every person has four souls察one of which always lives outside of his or her body in the form of a wild beast in the forest。 This external soul察or bush soul察as Miss Kingsley calls it察may be almost any animal察for example察a leopard察a fish察or a tortoise察but it is never a domestic animal and never a plant。 Unless he is gifted with second sight察a man cannot see his own bush soul察but a diviner will often tell him what sort of creature his bush soul is察and after that the man will be careful not to kill any animal of that species察and will strongly object to any one else doing so。 A man and his sons have usually the same sort of animals for their bush souls察and so with a mother and her daughters。 But sometimes all the children of a family take after the bush soul of their father察for example察if his external soul is a leopard察all his sons and daughters will have leopards for their external souls。 And on the other hand察sometimes they all take after their mother察for instance察if her external soul is a tortoise察all the external souls of her sons and daughters will be tortoises too。 So intimately bound up is the life of the man with that of the animal which he regards as his external or bush soul察that the death or injury of the animal necessarily entails the death or injury of the man。 And察conversely察when the man dies察his bush soul can no longer find a place of rest察but goes mad and rushes into the fire or charges people and is knocked on the head察and that is an end of it。

Near Eket in North Calabar there is a sacred lake察the fish of which are carefully preserved because the people believe that their own souls are lodged in the fish察and that with every fish killed a human life would be simultaneously extinguished。 In the Calabar River not very many years ago there used to be a huge old crocodile察popularly supposed to contain the external soul of a chief who resided in the flesh at Duke Town。 Sporting vice´consuls used from time to time to hunt the animal察and once an officer contrived to hit it。 Forthwith the chief was laid up with a wound in his leg。 He gave out that a dog had bitten him察but no doubt the wise shook their heads and refused to be put off with so flimsy a pretext。 Again察among several tribes on the banks of the Niger between Lokoja and the delta there prevails a belief in the possibility of a man possessing an alter ego in the form of some animal such as a crocodile or a hippopotamus。 It is believed that such a person's life is bound up with that of the animal to such an extent that察whatever affects the one produces a corresponding impression upon the other察and that if one dies the other must speedily do so too。 It happened not very long ago that an Englishman shot a hippopotamus close to a native village察the friends of a woman who died the same night in the village demanded and eventually obtained five pounds as compensation for the murder of the woman。

Amongst the Zapotecs of Central America察when a woman was about to be confined察her relations assembled in the hut察and began to draw on the floor figures of different animals察rubbing each one out as soon as it was completed。 This went on till the moment of birth察and the figure that then remained sketched upon the ground was called the child's tona or second self。 When the child grew old enough察he procured the animal that represented him and took care of it察as it was believed that health and existence were bound up with that of the animal's察in fact that the death of both would occur simultaneously察or rather that when the animal died the man would die too。 Among the Indians of Guatemala and Honduras the nagual or naual is that animate or inanimate object察generally an animal察which stands in a parallel relation to a particular man察so that the weal and woe of the man depend on the fate of the nagual。 According to an old writer察many Indians of Guatemala are deluded by the devil to believe that their life dependeth upon the life of such and such a beast which they take unto them as their familiar spirit察and think that when that beast dieth they must die察when he is chased察their hearts pant察when he is faint察they are faint察nay察it happeneth that by the devil's delusion they appear in the shape of that beast which commonly by their choice is a buck察or doe察a lion察or tigre察or dog察or eagle and in that shape have been shot at and wounded。 The Indians were persuaded that the death of their nagual would entail their own。 Legend affirms that in the first battles with the Spaniards on the plateau of Quetzaltenango the naguals of the Indian chiefs fought in the form of serpents。 The nagual of the highest chief was especially conspicuous察because it had the form of a great bird察resplendent in green plumage。 The Spanish general Pedro de Alvarado killed the bird with his lance察and at the same moment the Indian chief fell dead to the ground。

In many tribes of South´Eastern Australia each sex used to regard a particular species of animals in the same way that a Central American Indian regarded his nagual察but with this difference察that whereas the Indian apparently knew the individual animal with which his life was bound up察the Australians only knew that each of their lives was bound up with some one animal of the species察but they could not say with which。 The result naturally was that every man spared and protected all the animals of the species with which the lives of the men were bound up察and every woman spared and protected all the animals of the species with which the lives of the women were bound up察because no one knew but that the death of any animal of the respective species might entail his or her own察just as the killing of the green bird was immediately followed by the death of the Indian chief察and the killing of the parrot by the death of Punchkin in the fairy tale。 Thus察for example察the Wotjobaluk tribe of South´Eastern Australia held that 'the life of Ngunungunut the Bat is the life of a man察and the life of Y│rtatgurk the Nightjar is the life of a woman' and that when either of these creatures is killed the life of some man or of some woman is shortened。 In such a case every man or every woman in the camp feared that he or she might be the victim察and from this cause great fights arose in this tribe。 I learn that in these fights察men on one side and women on the other察it was not at all certain which would be victorious察for at times the women gave the men a severe drubbing with their yamsticks察while often women were injured or killed by spears。 The Wotjobaluk said that the bat was the man's brother and that the nightjar was his wife。 The particular species of animals with which the lives of the sexes were believed to be respectively bound up varied somewhat from tribe to tribe。 Thus whereas among the Wotjobaluk the bat was the animal of the men察at Gunbower Creek on the Lower Murray the bat seems to have been the animal of the women察for the natives would not kill it for the reason that if it was killed察one of their lubras womenАwould be sure to die in consequence。 But whatever the particular sorts of creature with which the lives of men and women were believed to be bound up察the belief itself and the fights to which it gave rise are known to have prevailed over a large part of South´Eastern Australia察and probably they extended much farther。 The belief was a very serious one察and so consequently were the fights which sprang from it。 Thus among some tribes of Victoria the common bat belongs to the men察who protect it against injury察even to the half´killing of their wives for its sake。 The fern owl察or large goatsucker察belongs to the women察and察although a bird of evil omen察creating terror at night by its cry察it is jealously protected by them。 If a man kills one察they are as much enraged as if it was one of their children察and will strike him with their long poles。

The jealous protection thus afforded by Australian men and women to bats and owls respectively for bats and owls seem to be the creatures usually allott

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