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ustoms。 In Canton Schaffhausen the man who threshes the last corn is called the Cow察in Canton Thurgau察the Corn´bull察in Canton Zurich察the Thresher´cow。 In the last´mentioned district he is wrapt in straw and bound to one of the trees in the orchard。 At Arad察in Hungary察the man who gives the last stroke at threshing is enveloped in straw and a cow's hide with the horns attached to it。 At Pessnitz察in the district of Dresden察the man who gives the last stroke with the flail is called Bull。 He must make a straw´man and set it up before a neighbour's window。 Here察apparently察as in so many cases察the corn´spirit is passed on to a neighbour who has not finished threshing。 So at Herbrechtingen察in Th┨ringen察the effigy of a ragged old woman is flung into the barn of the farmer who is last with his threshing。 The man who throws it in cries察There is the Cow for you。 If the threshers catch him they detain him over night and punish him by keeping him from the harvest´supper。 In these latter customs the confusion between the human and the animal shape of the corn´spirit meets us again。

Further察the corn´spirit in bull form is sometimes believed to be killed at threshing。 At Auxerre察in threshing the last bundle of corn察they call out twelve times察We are killing the Bull。 In the neighbourhood of Bordeaux察where a butcher kills an ox on the field immediately after the close of the reaping察it is said of the man who gives the last stroke at threshing that he has killed the Bull。 At Chamb└ry the last sheaf is called the sheaf of the Young Ox察and a race takes place to it in which all the reapers join。 When the last stroke is given at threshing they say that the Ox is killed察and immediately thereupon a real ox is slaughtered by the reaper who cut the last corn。 The flesh of the ox is eaten by the threshers at supper。

We have seen that sometimes the young corn´spirit察whose task it is to quicken the corn of the coming year察is believed to be born as a Corn´baby on the harvest´field。 Similarly in Berry the young corn´spirit is sometimes supposed to be born on the field in calf form察for when a binder has not rope enough to bind all the corn in sheaves察he puts aside the wheat that remains over and imitates the lowing of a cow。 The meaning is that the sheaf has given birth to a calf。 In Puy´de´Dme when a binder cannot keep up with the reaper whom he or she follows察they say He or she is giving birth to the Calf。 In some parts of Prussia察in similar circumstances察they call out to the woman察The Bull is coming察and imitate the bellowing of a bull。 In these cases the woman is conceived as the Corn´cow or old corn´spirit察while the supposed calf is the Corn´calf or young corn´spirit。 In some parts of Austria a mythical calf Muhklbchen is believed to be seen amongst the sprouting corn in spring and to push the children察when the corn waves in the wind they say察The Calf is going about。 Clearly察as Mannhardt observes察this calf of the spring´time is the same animal which is afterwards believed to be killed at reaping。

8。 The Corn´spirit as a Horse or Mare。

SOMETIMES the corn´spirit appears in the shape of a horse or mare。 Between Kalw and Stuttgart察when the corn bends before the wind察they say察There runs the Horse。 At Bohlingen察near Radolfzell in Baden察the last sheaf of oats is called the Oats´stallion。 In Hertfordshire察at the end of the reaping察there is or used to be observed a ceremony called crying the Mare。 The last blades of corn left standing on the field are tied together and called the Mare。 The reapers stand at a distance and throw their sickles at it察he who cuts it through has the prize察with acclamations and good cheer。 After it is cut the reapers cry thrice with a loud voice察I have her Others answer thrice察What have you拭A Mare a Mare a Mare Whose is she拭is next asked thrice。 A。 B。's察naming the owner thrice。 Whither will you send her拭To C。 D。察naming some neighbour who has not reaped all his corn。 In this custom the corn´spirit in the form of a mare is passed on from a farm where the corn is all cut to another farm where it is still standing察and where therefore the corn´spirit may be supposed naturally to take refuge。 In Shropshire the custom is similar。 The farmer who finishes his harvest last察and who therefore cannot send the Mare to any one else察is said to keep her all winter。 The mocking offer of the Mare to a laggard neighbour was sometimes responded to by a mocking acceptance of her help。 Thus an old man told an inquirer察While we wun at supper察a mon cumm'd wi' a autar halterАto fatch her away。 At one place a real mare used to be sent察but the man who rode her was subjected to some rough treatment at the farmhouse to which he paid his unwelcome visit。

In the neighbourhood of Lille the idea of the corn´spirit in horse form in clearly preserved。 When a harvester grows weary at his work察it is said察He has the fatigue of the Horse。 The first sheaf察called the Cross of the Horse察is placed on a cross of boxwood in the barn察and the youngest horse on the farm must tread on it。 The reapers dance round the last blades of corn察crying察See the remains of the Horse。 The sheaf made out of these last blades is given to the youngest horse of the parish commune to eat。 This youngest horse of the parish clearly represents察as Mannhardt says察the corn´spirit of the following year察the Corn´foal察which absorbs the spirit of the old Corn´horse by eating the last corn cut察for察as usual察the old corn´spirit takes his final refuge in the last sheaf。 The thresher of the last sheaf is said to beat the Horse。

9。 The Corn´spirit as a Pig Boar or Sow。

THE LAST animal embodiment of the corn´spirit which we shall notice is the pig boar or sow。 In Th┨ringen察when the wind sets the young corn in motion察they sometimes say察The Boar is rushing through the corn。 Amongst the Esthonians of the island of Oesel the last sheaf is called the Ryeboar察and the man who gets it is saluted with a cry of You have the Rye´boar on your back In reply he strikes up a song察in which he prays for plenty。 At Kohlerwinkel察near Augsburg察at the close of the harvest察the last bunch of standing corn is cut down察stalk by stalk察by all the reapers in turn。 He who cuts the last stalk gets the Sow察and is laughed at。 In other Swabian villages also the man who cuts the last corn has the Sow察or has the Rye´sow。 At Bohlingen察near Radolfzell in Baden察the last sheaf is called the Rye´sow or the Wheat´sow察according to the crop察and at Rhrenbach in Baden the person who brings the last armful for the last sheaf is called the Corn´sow or the Oats´sow。 At Friedingen察in Swabia察the thresher who gives the last stroke is called SowBarley´sow察Corn´sow察or the like察according to the crop。 At Onstmettingen the man who gives the last stroke at threshing has the Sow察he is often bound up in a sheaf and dragged by a rope along the ground。 And察generally察in Swabia the man who gives the last stroke with the flail is called Sow。 He may察however察rid himself of this invidious distinction by passing on to a neighbour the straw´rope察which is the badge of his position as Sow。 So he goes to a house and throws the straw´rope into it察crying察There察I bring you the Sow。 All the inmates give chase察and if they catch him they beat him察shut him up for several hours in the pig´sty察and oblige him to take the Sow away again。 In various parts of Upper Bavaria the man who gives the last stroke at threshing must carry the Pigthat is察either a straw effigy of a pig or merely a bundle of straw´ropes。 This he carries to a neighbouring farm where the threshing is not finished察and throws it into the barn。 If the threshers catch him they handle him roughly察beating him察blackening or dirtying his face察throwing him into filth察binding the Sow on his back察and so on察if the bearer of the Sow is a woman they cut off her hair。 At the harvest supper or dinner the man who carried the Pig gets one or more dumplings made in the form of pigs。 When the dumplings are served up by the maidservant察all the people at table cry S┨z察s┨z察s┨z  that being the cry used in calling pigs。 Sometimes after dinner the man who carried the Pig has his face blackened察and is set on a cart and drawn round the village by his fellows察followed by a crowd crying S┨z察s┨z察s┨z  as if they were calling swine。 Sometimes察after being wheeled round the village察he is flung on the dunghill。

Again察the corn´spirit in the form of a pig plays his part at sowing´time as well as at harvest。 At Neuautz察in Courland察when barley is sown for the first time in the year察the farmer's wife boils the chine of a pig along with the tail察and brings it to the sower on the field。 He eats of it察but cuts off the tail and sticks it in the field察it is believed that the ears of corn will then grow as long as the tail。 Here the pig is the corn´spirit察whose fertilising power is sometimes supposed to lie especially in his tail。 As a pig he is put in the ground at sowing´time察and as a pig he reappears amongst the ripe corn at harvest。 For amongst the neighbouring Esthonians察as we have seen察the last sheaf is called the Rye´boar。 Somewhat similar customs are observed in Germany。 In the Salza district察near Mei

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