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nately; that the inscription is sprinkled with proper names。  Now proper names; generally speaking; are not translated from one language to another; but transliterated as nearly as the genius of the language will permit。 It was the fact that the Greek word Ptolemaics was transliterated on the Rosetta Stone that gave the first clew to the sounds of the Egyptian characters。  Had the upper part of the Rosetta Stone been preserved; on which; originally; there were several other names; Young would not have halted where he did in his decipherment。

But fortune; which had been at once so kind and so tantalizing in the case of the Rosetta Stone; had dealt more gently with the Behistun inscriptions; for no fewer than ninety proper names were preserved in the Persian portion and duplicated; in another character; in the Assyrian inscription。 A study of these gave a clew to the sounds of the Assyrian characters。 The decipherment of this character; however; even with this aid; proved enormously difficult; for it was soon evident that here it was no longer a question of a nearly perfect alphabet of a few characters; but of a syllabary of several hundred characters; including many homophones; or different forms for representing the same sound。 But with the Persian translation for a guide on the one hand; and the Semitic languages; to which family the Assyrian belonged; on the other; the appalling task was gradually accomplished; the leading investigators being General Rawlinson; Professor Hincks; and Mr。 Fox…Talbot; in England; Professor Jules Oppert; in Paris; and Professor Julian Schrader; in Germany; though a host of other scholars soon entered the field。

This great linguistic feat was accomplished about the middle of the nineteenth century。  But so great a feat was it that many scholars of the highest standing; including Joseph Erneste Renan; in France; and Sir G。 Cornewall Lewis; in England; declined at first to accept the results; contending that the Assyriologists had merely deceived themselves by creating an arbitrary language。 The matter was put to a test in 1855 at the suggestion of Mr。 Fox…Talbot; when four scholars; one being Mr。 Talbot himself and the others General Rawlinson; Professor Hincks; and Professor Oppert; laid before the Royal Asiatic Society their independent interpretations of a hitherto untranslated Assyrian text。  A committee of the society; including England's greatest historian of the century; George Grote; broke the seals of the four translations; and reported that they found them unequivocally in accord as regards their main purport; and even surprisingly uniform as regards the phraseology of certain passagesin short; as closely similar as translations from the obscure texts of any difficult language ever are。 This decision gave the work of the Assyriologists official status; and the reliability of their method has never since been in question。 Henceforth Assyriology was an established science。



APPENDIX

REFERENCE…LIST

CHAPTER I。 MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES

'1' Robert Boyle; Philosophical Works (3 vols。)。 London; 1738。

CHAPTER II。  THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN CHEMISTRY 

'1' For a complete account of the controversy called the 〃Water Controversy;〃 see The Life of the Hon。 Henry Cavendish; by George Wilson; M。D。; F。R。S。E。 London; 1850。

'2' Henry Cavendish; in Phil。 Trans。 for 1784; P。 119。

'3' Lives of the Philosophers of the Time of George III。; by Henry; Lord Brougham; F。R。S。; p。 106。  London; 1855。  

'4' Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air; by Joseph Priestley (3 vols。)。 Birmingham; 790; vol。 II; pp。 103…107。

'5' Lectures on Experimental Philosophy; by Joseph Priestley; lecture IV。; pp。 18; ig。 J。 Johnson; London; 1794。

'6' Translated from Scheele's Om Brunsten; eller Magnesia; och dess Egenakaper。 Stockholm; 1774; and published as Alembic Club Reprints; No。 13; 1897; p。 6。

'7' According to some writers this was discovered by Berzelius。

'8' Histoire de la Chimie; par Ferdinand Hoefer。 Paris; 1869; Vol。 CL; p。 289。

'9' Elements of Chemistry; by Anton Laurent Lavoisier; translated by Robert Kerr; p。 8。 London and Edinburgh; 1790。 

'10' Ibid。; pp。 414…416。

CHAPTER III。 CHEMISTRY SINCE THE TIME OF DALTON

'1' Sir Humphry Davy; in Phil。 Trans。; Vol。 VIII。

CHAPTER IV。 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

'1' Baas; History of Medicine; p。 692。

'2' Based on Thomas H。 Huxley's Presidential Address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science; 1870。

'3' Essays on Digestion; by James Carson。 London; 1834; p。 6。

'4' Ibid。; p。 7。 

'5' John Hunter; On the Digestion of the Stomach after Death; first edition; pp。 183…188。

'6' Erasmus Darwin; The Botanic Garden; pp。 448…453。 London; 1799。

CHAPTER V。 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

'1' Baron de Cuvier's Theory of the Earth。 New York; 1818; p。 123。

'2' On the Organs and Mode of Fecundation of Orchidex and Asclepiadea; by Robert Brown; Esq。; in Miscellaneous Botanical Works。 London; 1866; Vol。 I。; pp。  511…514。

'3' Justin Liebig; Animal Chemistry。 London; 1843; p。 17f。

CHAPTER VI。 THEORIES OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION

'1' 〃Essay on the Metamorphoses of Plants;〃 by Goethe; translated for the present work from Grundriss einer Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften; by Friederich Dannemann (2 vols。)。 Leipzig; 1896; Vol。 I。; p。 194。

'2' The Temple of Nature; or The Origin of Society; by Erasmus Darwin; edition published in 1807; p。 35。

'3' Baron de Cuvier; Theory of the Earth。 New York; 1818; p。74。 (This was the introduction to Cuvier's great work。)

'4' Robert Chambers; Explanations: a sequel to Vestiges of Creation。 London; Churchill; 1845; pp。 148…153。

CHAPTER VII。 EIGHTEENTH…CENTURY MEDICINE

'1' Condensed from Dr。 Boerhaave's Academical Lectures on the Theory of Physic。 London; 1751; pp。 77; 78。 Boerhaave's lectures were published as Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis Morbis; Leyden; 1709。 On this book Van Swieten wrote commentaries filling five volumes。 Another very celebrated work of Boerhaave is his Institutiones et Experimenta Chemic; Paris; 1724; the germs of this being given as a lecture on his appointment to the chair of chemistry in the University of Leyden in 1718。

'2' An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variola Vaccine; etc。; by Edward Jenner; M。D。; F。R。S。; etc。 London; 1799; pp。 2…7。 He wrote several other papers; most of which were communications to the Royal Society。 His last publication was; On the Influence of Artificial Eruptions in Certain Diseases (London; 1822); a subject to which he had given much time and study。

CHAPTER VIII。 NINETEENTH…CENTURY MEDICINE

'1' In the introduction to Corvisart's translation of Avenbrugger's work。 Paris; 1808。

'2' Laennec; Traite d'Auscultation Mediate。 Paris; 1819。 This was Laennec's chief work; and was soon translated into several different languages。 Before publishing this he had written also; Propositions sur la doctrine midicale d'Hippocrate; Paris; 1804; and Memoires sur les vers visiculaires; in the same year。

'3' Researches; Chemical and Philosophical; chiefly concerning Nitrous Oxide or Dephlogisticated Nitrous Air and its Respiration; by Humphry Davy。 London; 1800; pp。 479…556。

'4' Ibid。

'5' For accounts of the discovery of anaesthesia; see Report of the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston; 1888。 Also; The Ether Controversy: Vindication of the Hospital Reports of 1848; by N。 L Bowditch; Boston; 1848。 An excellent account is given in Littell's Living Age; for March; 1848; written by R。 H。 Dana; Jr。 There are also two Congressional Reports on the question of the discovery of etherization; one for 1848; the other for 11852。

'6' Simpson made public this discovery of the anaesthetic properties of chloroform in a paper read before the Medico…Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh; in March; 1847; about three months after he had first seen a surgical operation performed upon a patient to whom ether had been administered。

'7' Louis Pasteur; Studies on Fermentation。 London; 1870。

'8' Louis Pasteur; in Comptes Rendus des Sciences de L'Academie des Sciences; vol。 XCII。; 1881; pp。 429…435。

CHAPTER IX。 THE NEW SCIENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

'1' Bell's communications were made to the Royal Society; but his studies and his discoveries in the field of anatomy of the nervous system were collected and published; in 1824; as An Exposition of the Natural System of Nerves of the Human Body: being a Republication of the Papers delivered to the Royal Society on the Subject of the Nerves。

'2' Marshall Hall; M。D。; F。R。S。L。; On the Reflex Functions of the Medulla Oblongata and the Medulla Spinalis; in Phil。 Trans。 of Royal Soc。; vol。 XXXIII。; 1833。





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