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There¡¡was¡¡nothing¡¡in¡¡these¡¡studies¡¡bearing¡¡directly¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡animal¡¡diseases£»¡¡yet¡¡before¡¡they¡¡were¡¡finished¡¡they¡¡had¡¡stimulated¡¡progress¡¡in¡¡more¡¡than¡¡one¡¡field¡¡of¡¡pathology¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡very¡¡outset¡¡they¡¡sufficed¡¡to¡¡start¡¡afresh¡¡the¡¡inquiry¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡role¡¡played¡¡by¡¡micro¡­organisms¡¡in¡¡disease¡£¡¡In¡¡particular¡¡they¡¡led¡¡the¡¡French¡¡physician¡¡Devaine¡¡to¡¡return¡¡to¡¡some¡¡interrupted¡¡studies¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡made¡¡ten¡¡years¡¡before¡¡in¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡animal¡¡disease¡¡called¡¡anthrax£»¡¡or¡¡splenic¡¡fever£»¡¡a¡¡disease¡¡that¡¡cost¡¡the¡¡farmers¡¡of¡¡Europe¡¡millions¡¡of¡¡francs¡¡annually¡¡through¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡sheep¡¡and¡¡cattle¡£¡¡In¡¡1850¡¡Devaine¡¡had¡¡seen¡¡multitudes¡¡of¡¡bacteria¡¡in¡¡the¡¡blood¡¡of¡¡animals¡¡who¡¡had¡¡died¡¡of¡¡anthrax£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡at¡¡that¡¡time¡¡think¡¡of¡¡them¡¡as¡¡having¡¡a¡¡causal¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡disease¡£¡¡Now£»¡¡however£»¡¡in¡¡1863£»¡¡stimulated¡¡by¡¡Pasteur's¡¡new¡¡revelations¡¡regarding¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡bacteria£»¡¡he¡¡returned¡¡to¡¡the¡¡subject£»¡¡and¡¡soon¡¡became¡¡convinced£»¡¡through¡¡experiments¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡inoculation£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡microscopic¡¡organisms¡¡he¡¡had¡¡discovered¡¡were¡¡the¡¡veritable¡¡and¡¡the¡¡sole¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡the¡¡infectious¡¡disease¡¡anthrax¡£

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Such¡¡experiments¡¡seem¡¡demonstrative£»¡¡yet¡¡the¡¡world¡¡was¡¡unconvinced£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡1876£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡controversy¡¡was¡¡still¡¡at¡¡its¡¡height£»¡¡Pasteur¡¡was¡¡prevailed¡¡upon¡¡to¡¡take¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡in¡¡hand¡£¡¡The¡¡great¡¡chemist¡¡was¡¡becoming¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡exclusively¡¡a¡¡biologist¡¡as¡¡the¡¡years¡¡passed£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡recent¡¡years¡¡his¡¡famous¡¡studies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡silk¡­worm¡¡diseases£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡proved¡¡due¡¡to¡¡bacterial¡¡infection£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡spontaneous¡¡generation£»¡¡had¡¡given¡¡him¡¡unequalled¡¡resources¡¡in¡¡microscopical¡¡technique¡£¡¡And¡¡so¡¡when£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡aid¡¡of¡¡his¡¡laboratory¡¡associates¡¡Duclaux¡¡and¡¡Chamberland¡¡and¡¡Roux£»¡¡he¡¡took¡¡up¡¡the¡¡mooted¡¡anthrax¡¡question¡¡the¡¡scientific¡¡world¡¡awaited¡¡the¡¡issue¡¡with¡¡bated¡¡breath¡£¡¡And¡¡when£»¡¡in¡¡1877£»¡¡Pasteur¡¡was¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡report¡¡on¡¡his¡¡studies¡¡of¡¡anthrax£»¡¡he¡¡came¡¡forward¡¡with¡¡such¡¡a¡¡wealth¡¡of¡¡demonstrative¡¡experimentsexperiments¡¡the¡¡rigid¡¡accuracy¡¡of¡¡which¡¡no¡¡one¡¡would¡¡for¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡think¡¡of¡¡questioninggoing¡¡to¡¡prove¡¡the¡¡bacterial¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡anthrax£»¡¡that¡¡scepticism¡¡was¡¡at¡¡last¡¡quieted¡¡for¡¡all¡¡time¡¡to¡¡come¡£

Henceforth¡¡no¡¡one¡¡could¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡the¡¡contagious¡¡disease¡¡anthrax¡¡is¡¡due¡¡exclusively¡¡to¡¡the¡¡introduction¡¡into¡¡an¡¡animal's¡¡system¡¡of¡¡a¡¡specific¡¡germa¡¡microscopic¡¡plantwhich¡¡develops¡¡there¡£¡¡And¡¡no¡¡logical¡¡mind¡¡could¡¡have¡¡a¡¡reasonable¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡what¡¡is¡¡proved¡¡true¡¡of¡¡one¡¡infectious¡¡disease¡¡would¡¡some¡¡day¡¡be¡¡proved¡¡true¡¡also¡¡of¡¡other£»¡¡perhaps¡¡of¡¡all£»¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡infectious¡¡maladies¡£

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LISTER¡¡AND¡¡ANTISEPTIC¡¡SURGERY

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PREVENTIVE¡¡INOCULATION

The¡¡controversy¡¡over¡¡spontaneous¡¡generation£»¡¡which£»¡¡thanks¡¡to¡¡Pasteur¡¡and¡¡Tyndall£»¡¡had¡¡just¡¡been¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡a¡¡termination£»¡¡made¡¡it¡¡clear¡¡that¡¡no¡¡bacterium¡¡need¡¡be¡¡feared¡¡where¡¡an¡¡antecedent¡¡bacterium¡¡had¡¡not¡¡found¡¡lodgment£»¡¡Listerism¡¡in¡¡surgery¡¡had¡¡now¡¡shown¡¡how¡¡much¡¡might¡¡be¡¡accomplished¡¡towards¡¡preventing¡¡the¡¡access¡¡of¡¡germs¡¡to¡¡abraded¡¡surfaces¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡¡and¡¡destroying¡¡those¡¡that¡¡already¡¡had¡¡found¡¡lodgment¡¡there¡£¡¡As¡¡yet£»¡¡however£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡inkling¡¡of¡¡a¡¡way¡¡in¡¡which¡¡a¡¡corresponding¡¡onslaught¡¡might¡¡be¡¡made¡¡upon¡¡those¡¡other¡¡germs¡¡which¡¡find¡¡their¡¡way¡¡into¡¡the¡¡animal¡¡organism¡¡by¡¡way¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mouth¡¡and¡¡the¡¡nostrils£»¡¡and¡¡which£»¡¡as¡¡was¡¡now¡¡clear£»¡¡are¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡those¡¡contagious¡¡diseases¡¡which£»¡¡first¡¡and¡¡last£»¡¡claim¡¡so¡¡large¡¡a¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡mankind¡¡for¡¡their¡¡victims¡£¡¡How¡¡such¡¡means¡¡might¡¡be¡¡found¡¡now¡¡became¡¡the¡¡anxious¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡every¡¡imaginative¡¡physician£»¡¡of¡¡every¡¡working¡¡microbiologist¡£

As¡¡it¡¡happened£»¡¡the¡¡world¡¡was¡¡not¡¡kept¡¡long¡¡in¡¡suspense¡£¡¡Almost¡¡before¡¡th

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