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1860; 80 millions; in 1887; 171 millions。



'35' The mutation tax is that levied in France on all property

transmitted by inheritance。 or which changes hands through formal sale

(other than in ordinary business transactions); as in the case of

transfers of real…estate; effected through purchase or sale。  Timbre

designates stamp duties imposed on the various kinds of legal

documents。…Tr。



'36' Ibid。 Returns of the mutation tax (registration and timbre)。

Registration in 1820; 127 millions ; in 1860; 306 millions; in 1886;

518 millions。 … Timbre; in 1820; 26 millions; in 1860; 56 millions; in

1886; 156 millions。 Sum…total in 1886; 674 millions。 … The rate of

corresponding taxes under the ancient régime (contr?le; insinuation

centième denier; formule) was very much lower; the principal one; or

tax of centieme denier; took only 1 per 100; and on the mutations of

real…estate。 This mutation tax is the only one rendered worse; it was

immediately aggravated by the Constituent Assembly; and it is rendered

all the more exorbitant on successions in which liabilities are not

deducted from assets。 (That is to say; the inheritor of an indebted

estate in France must pay a mutation tax on its full value。 He has the

privilege; however; of renouncing the estate if he does not choose to

accept it along with its indebtedness。) … The taxpayer's resignation

to this tax is explained by the exchequer collecting it at a unique

moment; when proprietorship just comes into being or is just at the

point of birth。 In effect; if property changes hands under inheritance

or through free donation it is probable that the new owner; suddenly

enriched; will be only too glad to enter into possession of it; and

not object to an impost which; although taking about a tenth; still

leaves him only a little less wealthy。 When property is transferred by

contract or sale; neither of the contracting parties; probably; sees

clearly which pays the fiscal tax; the seller may think that it is the

buyer; and the buyer that it is the seller。 Owing to this illusion

both are less sensible of the shearing; each offering his own back in

the belief that it is the back of the other。



'37' See 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 pp。358…362。 (Ed。 Laff。 I。 266…268。)



'38' See 〃The Revolution;〃 vol。 I。; pp。 16; 38。 (ED。 Laff。 I。 pp。 326;

342。)



'39' Decree of Oct。 31 … Nov。 5; 1789; abolishing the boundary taxes

between the provinces and suppressing all the collection offices in

the kingdom。 … Decree of 21…30 March 1790; abolishing the salt…tax。

Decree of 1…17 March 1791; abolishing all taxes on liquors; and decree

of 19…25 Feb。 1791; abolishing all octroi taxes。 … Decree of 20…27

March 1791; in relation to freedom of growing; manufacturing and

selling tobacco; customs…duties on the importation of leaf…tobacco

alone are maintained; and give but an insignificant revenue; from

1;500;000 to 1;800;000 francs in the year V。



'40' Gaudin; Duc de Ga?te; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。;  215…217。 … The advantages

of indirect taxation are well explained by Gaudin。 〃The taxpayer pays

only when he is willing and has the means。 On the other hand; when the

duties imposed by the exchequer are confounded with the price of the

article; the taxpayer; in paying his due; thinks only of satisfying a

want or of procuring an enjoyment。〃 … Decrees of March 16 and 27; and

May 4; 1806 (on salt); of February 25; 1804; April 24; 1806; Nov。 25;

1808 (on liquors); May 19; 1802; March 6; 1804; April 24; 1806; Dec。。

29; 1810 (on tobacco)。



'41' Letrosne; 〃De l'administration des finances et de la réforme de

1'imp?t〃 (1779) pp。148; 162。 … Laboulaye; 〃De l'administration

fran?aise sous Louis XVI。〃 (Revue des cours littéraires; 1864…1865;

p。677)。 〃I believe that; under Louis XIII。; they took at least five

and; under Louis XIV; four to get two。〃



'42' Paul Leroy…Bealieu; 〃Traité de la science des finances;〃 I。; 261。

(In 1875; these costs amount to 5。20 %。) … De Foville; ibid。 (Cost of

customs and salt…tax; in 1828; 16。2 %; in 1876; 10。2 %。 … Cost of

indirect taxation; in 1828; 14。90 %; in 1876; 3。7 %。) … De Calonné;

〃Collection des mémoires présentés à l'assemblée des notables;〃 1787;

p。63。



'43' See 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 P。23; 370。 … 〃 The Revolution;〃 I。; 10;

16; 17。 (Ed。 Laff。 I。 pp。 23…24; 274; 322; 326…327。)



'44' See 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 p。361。 (Ed。 Laff。 I。 p。268。)



'45' Leroy…Beaulieu; ibid。; I。; 643。



'46' Decrees of November 25; 1808; and December 8; 1824。



'47' Certain persons under the ancient régime enjoyed an exemption

from the tax on salt。



'48' Stourm; I。; 360; 389。 … De Foville; 382; 385; 398。



'49' These figures are given by Gaudin。



'50' Thiers; XIII。; pp。20 to 25。



'51' Lafayette; 〃Mémoires。〃 (Letter of October 17; 1779; and notes

made in Auvergne; August 1800。) 〃You know how many beggars there were;

people dying of hunger in our country。 We see no more of them。 The

peasants are richer; the land better tilled and the women better

clad。〃 … 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 340; 34; 342。 … 〃 The Revolution;〃

III。; p。366; 402。



'52' 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 P。340。 (ED。 Laff。 I。 pp。 254; 256。)…〃 The

Revolution;〃 III。; 212。 (Ed。 Laff。 II。 p。 271; 297。)



'53' These two famines were due to inclement seasons and were

aggravated; the last one by the consequences of invasion and the

necessity of supporting 150;000 foreign troops; and the former by the

course taken by Napoleon who applies the maximum afresh; with the same

intermeddling; the same despotism and the same failure as under the

Convention。( 〃Souvenirs〃; by PASQUIER (Etienne…Dennis; duc);

chancelier de France。 in VI volumes; Librarie Plon;  Paris 1893。) 〃I

do not exaggerate in stating that our operations in the purchase and

transport (of grain) required a full quarter of the time; and often

one…third; more than would have been required in commerce。〃 …

Prolongation of the famine in Normandy。 〃Bands of famished beggars

overran the country。 。 。 。 Riots and pillaging around Caen; several

mills burnt。 。 。 。 Suppression of these by the imperial guard。 In the

executions which resulted from these even women were not spared。〃 …

The two principal guarantees at the present day against this public

danger are; first; easier circumstances; and next the multiplication

of good roads and of railroads; the dispatch and cheapness of

transportation; and the superabundant crops of Russia and the United

States。



'54' J。 Gebelin; 〃Histoire des milices provinciales〃 (1882); p。87;

143; 157; 288。 … Most of the texts and details may be found in this

excellent work。 … Many towns; Paris; Lyons; Reims; Rouen; Bordeaux;

Tours; Agen; Sedan and the two generalities of Flanders and Hainault

are examples of drawing by lot; they furnished their contingent by

volunteers enlisted at their own expense; the merchants and artisans;

or the community itself; paying the bounty for enlistment。 Besides

this there were many exemptions in the lower class。  … Cf。 〃The

Ancient Régime;〃 p。390。 (Ed。 Laff。 p。 289。)



'55' J。 Gebelin; ibid。; 239; 279; 288。 (Except the eight regiments of

royal grenadiers in the militia who turned out for one month in the

year。)



'56' Example afforded by one department。 (〃Statistics of Ain;〃 by

Rossi; prefect; 1808。) Number of soldiers on duty in the department;

in 1789; 323; in 1801; 6;729; in 1806; 6;764。 … 〃 The department of

Ain furnished nearly 30;000 men to the armies; conscripts and those

under requisition。〃 … It is noticeable; consequently; that in the

population of 1801; there is a sensible diminution of persons between

twenty and thirty and; in the population of 1806; of those between

twenty…five and thirty…five years of age。 The number between twenty

and thirty is as follows: in 1789; 39;828; in 1801; 35;648; in 1806;

34;083。



'57' De Dampmartin。 〃Evénemens qui se sont passés sous mes yeux

pendant la révolution fran?aise;〃 V。 II。 (State of the French army;

Jan。 1; 1789。) Total on a peace footing; 177;890 men。 … This is the

nominal force; the real force under arms was 154;000; in March 1791;

it had fallen to 115;000; through the multitude of desertions and the

scarcity of enlistments; (Yung; 〃Dubois…Crancé et la Révolution;〃 I。;

158。 Speech by Dubois…Crancé。)



'58' 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 P 390; 391。 … 〃The Revolution;〃 p。 328…330。

(Ed。 Laff。 I。 289 and 290; pp。 542…543) … Albert Babeau; 〃le

Recrutement militaire sous 1'ancien Régime。〃 (In 〃la Réforme sociale〃

of Sept。 I; 1888; p。 229; 238。)… An officer says; 〃only the rabble are

enlisted because it is cheaper。〃 … Yung; ibid。; I。; 32。 (Speech by M。

de Liancourt in the tribune。) 〃The soldier is classed apart and is too

little esteemed。〃 …  Ibid。; p。 39。 (〃Vices et abus de la constitution

actuelle fran?aise;〃 memorial signed by officers in most of the

regiments; Sept。 6; 1789。) 〃The majority of soldiers are derived from

the offscourings of the large towns and are me

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