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The Modern Regime; Volume 1   'Napoleon'

                                            
The Origins of Contemporary France; Volume 5

                                            
by Hippolyte A。 Taine 








Contents:



PREFACE



BOOK FIRST。  Napoleon Bonaparte。



    Chapter I。   Historical Importance of his Character and Genius。



    Chapter II。  His Ideas; Passions and Intelligence。





BOOK SECOND。 Formation and Character of the New State。



    Chapter I。   The Institution of Government。



    Chapter II。  Use and Abuse of Government Services。



    Chapter III。 The New Government Organization。





BOOK THIRD。  Object and Merits of the System。



    Chapter I。   Recovery of Social Order。



    Chapter II。  Taxation and Conscription。



    Chapter III。 Ambition and Self…esteem。





BOOK FOURTH。 Defect and Effects of the System。



    Chapter I。   Local Society。



    Chapter II。  Local society since 1830。



___________________________________________________________________



PREFACE



The following third and last part of the Origins of Contemporary

France is to consist of two volumes。  After the present volume; the

second is to treat of the Church; the School and the Family; describe

the modern milieu and note the facilities and obstacles which a

society like our own encounters in this new milieu: here; the past and

the present meet; and the work already done is continued by the work

which is going on under our eyes。  … …The undertaking is hazardous and

more difficult than with the two preceding parts。  For the Ancient

Régime and the Revolution are henceforth complete and finished

periods; we have seen the end of both and are thus able to comprehend

their entire course。  On the contrary; the end of the ulterior period

is still wanting ; the great institutions which date from the

Consulate and the Empire; either consolidation or dissolution; have

not yet reached their historic term: since 1800; the social order of

things; notwithstanding eight changes of political form; has remained

almost intact。  Our children or grandchildren will know whether it

will finally succeed or miscarry; witnesses of the denouement; they

will have fuller light by which to judge of the entire drama。  Thus

far four acts only have been played; of the fifth act; we have simply

a presentiment。  … On the other hand; by dint of living under this

social system; we have become accustomed to it; it no longer excites

our wonder; however artificial it may be it seems to us natural。  We

can scarcely conceive of another that is healthier; and what is much

worse; it is repugnant to us to do so。  For; such a conception would

soon lead to comparisons and hence to a judgment and; on many points;

to an unfavorable judgment; one which would be a censure; not only of

our institutions but of ourselves。  The machine of the year VIII;'1'

applied to us for three generations; has permanently shaped and fixed

us as we are; for better or for worse。  If; for a century; it sustains

us; it represses us for a century。  We have contracted the infirmities

it imports … stoppage of development; instability of internal balance;

disorders of the intellect and of the will; fixed ideas and ideas that

are false。  These ideas are ours; therefore we hold on to them; or;

rather; they have taken hold of us。  To get rid of them; to impose the

necessary recoil on our mind; to transport us to a distance and place

us at a critical point of view; where we can study ourselves; our

ideas and our institutions as scientific objects; requires a great

effort on our part; many precautions; and long reflection。  … Hence;

the delays of this study; the reader will pardon them on considering

that an ordinary opinion; caught on the wing; on such a subject; does

not suffice。  In any event; when one presents an opinion on such a

subject one is bound to believe it。  I can believe in my own only when

it has become precise and seems to me proven。



Menthon Saint…Bernard; September; 1890。



_____________________________________________________________________



BOOK FIRST。  NAPOLEON BONAPARTE。



CHAPTER I。  Historical Importance of his Character and Genius。



If you want to comprehend a building; you have to imagine the

circumstances; I mean the difficulties and the means; the kind and

quality of its available materials; the moment; the opportunity; and

the urgency of the demand for it。  But; still more important; we must

consider the genius and taste of the architect; especially whether he

is the proprietor; whether he built it to live in himself; and; once

installed in it; whether he took pains to adapt it to how own way of

living; to his own necessities; to his own use。  … Such is the social

edifice erected by Napoleon Bonaparte; its architect; proprietor; and

principal occupant from 1799 to 1814。  It is he who has made modern

France; never was an individual character so profoundly stamped on any

collective work; so that; to comprehend the work; we must first study

the character of the Man。'2'





I。  Napoleon's Past and Personality。



He is of another race and another century。  … Origin of his paternal

family。  … Transplanted to Corsica。  … His maternal family。  …

Laetitia Ramolino。  … Persistence of Corsican souvenirs in Napoleon's

mind。  … His youthful sentiments regarding Corsica and France。  …

Indications found in his early compositions and in his style。  …

Current monarchical or democratic ideas have no hold on him。 … His

impressions of the 20th of June and 10th of August after the 31st of

May。  … His associations with Robespierre and Barras without

committing himself。  … His sentiments and the side he takes Vendémiaire

13th。  … The great Condottière。  … His character and conduct in Italy。

… Description of him morally and physically in 1798。  … The early and

sudden ascendancy which he exerts。  Analogous in spirit and character

to his Italian ancestors of the XVth century。



Disproportionate in all things; but; stranger still; he is not only

out of the common run; but there is no standard of measurement for

him; through his temperament; instincts; faculties; imagination;

passions; and moral constitution he seems cast in a special mould;

composed of another metal than that which enters into the composition

of his fellows and contemporaries。  Evidently he is not a Frenchman;

nor a man of the eighteenth century; he belongs to another race and

another epoch。'3' We detect in him; at the first glance; the

foreigner; the Italian;'4' and something more; apart and beyond these;

surpassing all similitude or analogy。…Italian he was through blood and

lineage; first; through his paternal family; which is Tuscan;'5' and

which we can follow down from the twelfth century; at Florence; then

at San Miniato ; next at Sarzana; a small; backward; remote town in

the state of Genoa; where; from father to son; it vegetates obscurely

in provincial isolation; through a long line of notaries and municipal

syndics。  〃My origin;〃 says Napoleon himself;'6' 〃 has made all

Italians regard me as a compatriot。  。  。  。  When the question of the

marriage of my sister Pauline with Prince Borghése came up there was

but one voice in Rome and in Tuscany; in that family; and with all its

connections: 'It will do;' said all of them; 'it's amongst ourselves;

it is one of our own families。。。'〃 When the Pope later hesitated about

coming to Paris to crown Napoleon; 〃the Italian party in the Conclave

prevailed against the Austrian party by supporting political arguments

with the following slight tribute to national amour propre: 'After all

we are imposing an Italian family on the barbarians; to govern them。

We are revenging ourselves on the Gauls。'〃 Significant words; which

will one day throw light upon the depths of the Italian nature; the

eldest daughter of modern civilization; imbued with her right of

primogeniture; persisting in her grudge against the transalpines; the

rancorous inheritor of Roman pride and of antique patriotism。'7'



From Sarzana; a Bonaparte emigrates to Corsica; where he establishes

himself and lives after 1529。  The following year  Florence is taken

and subjugated for good。  Henceforth; in Tuscany; under Alexander de

Medici; then under Cosmo I。  and his successors; in all Italy under

Spanish rule; municipal independence; private feuds; the great

exploits of political adventures and successful usurpations; the

system of ephemeral principalities; based on force and fraud; all give

way to permanent repression; monarchical discipline; external order;

and a certain species of public tranquility。  Thus; just at the time

when the energy and ambition; the vigorous and free sap of the Middle

Ages begins to run down and then dry up in the shriveled trunk;'8' a

small detached branch takes root in an island; not less Italian but

almost barbarous; amidst institution

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