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                          THE ANCIEN REGIME 



THE ANCIEN REGIME 



                       by Charles Kingsley 



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                                    THE ANCIEN REGIME 



                                    PREFACE 



     The   rules   of   the   Royal   Institution   forbid   ��and   wisely��   religious   or 

political    controversy。       It   was    therefore    impossible      for   me    in  these 

Lectures�察     �to  say   much    which     had   to  be   said�察  �in  drawing     a  just  and 

complete picture of the Ancien Regime in France。                   The passages inserted 

between brackets�察�which bear on religious matters�察�were accordingly not 

spoken at the Royal Institution。 

     But    more。     It  was    impossible     for   me   in  these    Lectures�察   �to  bring 

forward      as   fully   as  I  could    have    wished�察    �the   contrast    between     the 

continental   nations   and   England�察  �whether   now�察  �or   during   the   eighteenth 

century。     But that contrast cannot be too carefully studied at the present 

moment。       In   proportion   as   it   is   seen   and   understood�察  �will   the   fear   of 

revolution   ��if   such   exists��   die   out   among   the   wealthier   classes�察  �and   the 

wish for it ��if such exists�� among the poorer�察�and a large extension of the 

suffrage   will   be   looked   on   aswhat   it   actually   isa   safe   and   harmless 

concession to the wishesand�察�as I hold�察�to the just rightsof large portion 

of the British nation。 

     There exists in Britain now�察�as far as I can see�察�no one of those evils 

which   brought   about   the   French   Revolution。           There   is   no   widespread 

misery�察  �and   therefore   no   widespread   discontent�察  �among   the   classes   who 

live    by  hand´labour。       The    legislation    of  the   last  generation     has   been 

steadily in favour of the poor�察�as against the rich�察�and it is even more true 

now than it was in 1789�察�thatas Arthur Young told the French mob which 

stopped his carriagethe rich pay many taxes ��over and above the poor´ 

rates�察�a direct tax on the capitalist in favour of the labourer�� more than are 

paid   by   the   poor。    ;In   England;   ��says   M。   de   Tocqueville   of   even   the 

eighteenth   century��   ;the   poor   man   enjoyed   the   privilege   of   exemption 

from  taxation�察  �in   France�察 �the  rich。;      Equality  before  the law   is   as   well´ 

nigh complete as it can be�察�where some are rich and others poor�察�and the 

only  privileged   class�察 �it sometimes   seems   to   me�察 �is   the pauper�察 �who   has 

neither the responsibility of self´government�察�nor the toil of self´support。 



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                                   THE ANCIEN REGIME 



     A minority of malcontents�察�some justly�察�some unjustly�察�angry with the 

present state of things�察�will always exist in this world。              But a majority of 

malcontents we shall never have�察�as long as the workmen are allowed to 

keep   untouched   and   unthreatened their   rights of   free   speech�察  �free   public 

meeting�察�free combination for all purposes which do not provoke a breach 

of the peace。       There may be   ��and probably  are�� to be   found in   London 

and the large towns�察�some of those revolutionary propagandists who have 

terrified   and   tormented   continental   statesmen   since   the   year   1815。      But 

they are far fewer in number than in 1848�察�far fewer still ��I believe�� than in 

1831�察�and their habits�察�notions�察 �temper�察�whole mental organisation�察�is so 

utterly alien to that of the average Englishman�察�that it is only the sense of 

wrong   which   can   make   him   take   counsel   with   them�察  �or   make   common 

cause   with   them。     Meanwhile�察  �every   man   who   is   admitted   to   a   vote�察  �is 

one more person withdrawn from the temptation to disloyalty�察�and enlisted 

in maintaining the powers that bewhen they are in the wrong�察�as well as 

when     they   are   in  the  right。   For    every    Englishman      is  by   his  nature 

conservative�察  �slow  to   form  an   opinion�察  �cautious in putting it into   effect�察�

patient   under   evils   which   seem   irremediable�察  �persevering   in   abolishing 

such   as   seem   remediable�察  �and   then   only   too   ready   to   acquiesce   in   the 

earliest practical result�察�to ;rest and be thankful。;             His faults�察�as well as 

his virtues�察�make him anti´revolutionary。             He is generally too dull to take 

in a great idea�察�and if he does take it in�察�often too selfish to apply it to any 

interest save his own。        But now and then�察�when the sense of actual injury 

forces upon him a great idea�察�like that of Free´trade or of Parliamentary 

Reform�察  �he   is   indomitable�察  �however   slow   and   patient�察  �in   translating   his 

thought   into   fact�此   �and   they   will   not   be   wise   statesmen   who   resist   his 

dogged determination。 If at this moment he demands an extension of the 

suffrage eagerly and even violently�察�the wise statesman will give at once�察�

gracefully and generously�察�what the Englishman will certainly obtain one 

day�察�if he has set his mind upon it。            If�察�on the other hand�察�he asks for it 

calmly�察�then the wise statesman ��instead of mistaking English reticence for 

apathy��     will   listen  to  his   wishes    all  the  more    readily�察  �seeing    in  the 

moderation of the demand�察�the best possible guarantee for moderation in 

the use of the thing demanded。 



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     And�察�be it always remembered�察�that in introducing these men into the 

;balance      of   the   Constitution�察─     �we    introduce     no   unknown       quantity。 

Statesmen ought   to   know them�察  �if they  know  themselves�察  �to   judge  what 

the working man would do by what they do themselves。                     He who imputes 

virtues to his own class imputes them also to the labouring class。 He who 

imputes vices to the labouring class�察�imputes them to his own class。                      For 

both are not only of the same flesh and blood�察�but�察�what is infinitely more 

important�察�of the same spirit�察�of the same race�察�in innumerable cases�察�of 

the same ancestors。         For centuries past the most able of these men have 

been working upwards into the middle class�察�and through it�察�often�察�to the 

highest dignities�察�and the highest family connections�察�and the whole nation 

knows how they have comported themselves therein。                      And�察�by a reverse 

process   ��of   which   the   physiognomist   and   genealogist   can   give   abundant 

proof���察�the weaker members of that class which was dominant during the 

Middle Age have been sinking downward�察�often to the rank of mere day´ 

labourers�察�and carrying downward with themsometimes in a very tragical 

and pathetic   fashionsomewhat   of the dignity  and the   refinement   which 

they had learnt from their ancestors。 

     Thus     has  the   English    nation   ��and    as  far  as  I  can   see�察 �the  Scotch 

likewise�� become more homogeneous than any nation of the Continent�察�if 

we except France since the extermination of the Frankish nobility。                      And 

for   that   very   reason�察  �as   it   seems   to   me�察  �it   is   more   fitted   than   any   other 

European   nation   for   the   exercise   of   equal   political   rights�察  �and   not   to   be 

debarred   of   them   by   arguments   drawn   from   countries   which   have   been 

governedas England has not beenby a caste。 

     The civilisation�察 �not   of   mere  book´learning�察�but   of the  heart�察  �all that 

was   once   meant   by   ;manners;good   breeding�察  �high   feeling�察  �respect   for 

self   and   respect   for   othersare   just   as   common   ��as   far   as   I   have   seen�� 

among   the   hand´workers   of   England   and   Scotland�察  �as   among   any   other 

class�察�the only difference is�察�that these qualities develop more early in the 

richer classes�察�owing to that severe discipline of our public schools�察�which 

makes   mere   lads   often   fit   to   govern�察  �because   they   have   learnt   to   obey�此�

while they develop later´ ´generally not till middle agein the classes who 

have not gone through in their youth that Spartan training�察�and who indeed 



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                                   THE ANCIEN REGIME 



��from   a   mistaken   conception   of   liberty��   would   not   endure   it   for   a   day。 

This    and   other   social   drawbacks      which    are   but  too   patent�察  �retard   the 

manhood of the working classes。              That it should be so�察�is a wrong。 For if 

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