criminal psychology-第4节

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1。　The　preparation　of　a　review　of　psychological　phenomena。

＇1＇　P。　Jessen：　Versuch　einer　wissenschaftlichen　Begrundung　der　Psychologie。　Berlin　1855。



2。　Study　of　causal　relationships。

3。　Establishment　of　the　principles　of　psychic　activity。

The　subject…matter　will　be　drawn　on　the　one　hand；　from　that　already　presented　by　psychological　science；　but　will　be　treated　throughout　from　the　point　of　view　of　the　criminal　judge；　and　prepared　for　his　purposes。　On　the　other　hand；　the　material　will　be　drawn　from　these　observations　that　alone　the　criminologist　at　work　can　make；　and　on　this　the　principles　of　psychology　will　be　brought　to　bear。

We　shall　not　espouse　either　pietism；　scepticism；　or　criticism。　We　have　merely　to　consider　the　individual　phenomena；　as　they　may　concern　the　criminalist；　to　examine　them　and　to　establish　whatever　value　the　material　may　have　for　him；　what　portions　may　be　of　use　to　him　in　the　interest　of　discovering　the　truth；　and　where　the　dangers　may　lurk　that　menace　him。　And　just　as　we　are　aware　that　the　comprehension　of　the　fundamental　concepts　of　the　exact　sciences　is　not　to　be　derived　from　their　methodology；　so　we　must　keep　clearly　in　mind　that　the　truth　which　we　criminalists　have　to　attain　can　not　be　constructed　out　of　the　_formal_　correctness　of　the　content　presented　us。　We　are　in　duty　bound　to　render　it　_materially_　correct。　But　that　is　to　be　achieved　only　if　we　are　acquainted　with　principles　of　psychology；　and　know　how　to　make　them　serve　our　purposes。　For　our　problem；　the　oft…quoted　epigram　of　Bailey's；　‘‘The　study　of　physiology　is　as　repugnant　to　the　psychologist　as　that　of　acoustics　to　the　composer；''　no　longer　holds。　We　are　not　poets；　we　are　investigators。　If　we　are　to　do　our　work　properly；　we　must　base　it　completely　upon　modern　psycho　physical　fundamentals。　Whoever　expects　unaided　to　find　the　right　thing　at　the　right　moment　is　in　the　position　of　the　individual　who　didn't　know　whether　he　could　play　the　violin　because　he　had　not　yet　tried。　We　must　gather　wisdom　while　we　are　not　required　to　use　it；　when　the　time　for　use　arrives；　the　time　for　harvest　is　over。

Let　this　be　our　fundamental　principle：　_That　we　criminalists　receive　from　our　main　source；　the　witnesses；　many　more　inferences　than　observations_；　and　that　this　fact　is　the　basis　of　so　many　mistakes　in　our　work。　Again　and　again　we　are　taught；　in　the　deposition　of　evidence；　that　only　facts　as　plain　sense…perceptions　should　be　presented；　that　inference　is　the　judge's　affair。　But　we　only　appear　to　obey　this　principle；　actually；　most　of　what　we　note　as　fact　and　sense…perception；　is　nothing　but　a　more　or　less　justified　judgment；　which　though　presented　in　the　honestest　belief；　still　　offers　no　positive　truth。　‘‘Amicus　Plato；　sed　magis　amica　Veritas。''

There　is　no　doubt　that　there　is　an　increasing；　and　for　us　jurists；　a　not　unimportant　demand　for　the　study　of　psychology　in　its　bearing　on　our　profession。　But　it　must　be　served。　The　spirited　Abb