criminal psychology-第24节

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　be　enraged。　This　means　clearly　that　the　somatic　manifestations　of　inner　excitement　are　so　closely　bound　up　with　the　latter　that　we　require　the　former　whenever　we　want　to　say　anything　about　the　latter。　And　it　is　true　that　we　never　say　that　a　man　was　enraged　or　only　angry；　if　he　remained　physically　calm；　no　matter　how　noisy　and　explicit　he　might　have　been　with　words。　This　is　evidence　enough　of　the　importance　of　noticing　bodily　expression。　‘‘How　characteristic；''　says　Volkmar＇1＇　‘‘is　the　trembling　and　heavy　breathing　of　fear；　the　glowering　glance　of　anger；　the　choking　down　of　suppressed　vexation；　the　stifling　of　helpless　rage；　the　leering　glance　and　jumping　heart　of　envy。''　Darwin　completes　the　description　of　fear：　The　heart　beats　fast；　the　features　pale；　he　feels　cold　but　sweats；　the　hair　rises；　the　secretion　of　saliva　stops；　hence　follows　frequent　swallowing；　the　voice　becomes　hoarse；　yawning　begins；　the　nostrils　tremble；　the　pupils　widen；　the　constrictor　muscles　relax。　Wild　and　very　primitive　people　show　this　much　more　clearly　and　tremble　quite　uncontrolled。　The　last　may　often　be　seen　and　may　indeed　be　established　as　a　standard　of　culture　and　even　of　character　and　may　help　to　determine　how　far　a　man　may　prevent　the　inner　irritation　from　becoming　externally　noticeable。　Especially　he　who　has　much　to　do　with　Gypsies　is　aware　how　little　these　people　can　control　themselves。　From　this　fact　also　spring　the　numerous

＇1＇　v。　Volkmar：　Lehrbuch　der　Psychologie。　Cthen　1875。

　anecdotes　concerning　the　wild　rulers　of　uncultivated　people；　who　simply　read　the　guilt　of　the　suspect　from　his　external　behavior；　or　even　more　frequently　were　able　to　select　the　criminal　with　undeceivable　acuteness　from　a　number　brought　before　them。　Bain＇1＇　narrates　that　in　India　criminals　are　required　to　take　rice　in　the　mouth　and　after　awhile　to　spit　it　out。　If　it　is　dry　the　accused　is　held　to　be　guiltyfear　has　stopped　the　secretion　of　salivaobstupui；　stetetuntque　comae；　et　vox　faucibus　haesit。

Concerning　the　characteristic　influence　of　timidity　see　Paul　Hartenberg。＇2＇

Especially　self…revealing　are　the　outbreaks　of　anger　against　oneself；　the　more　so　because　I　believe　them　always　to　be　evidence　of　consciousness　of　guilt。　At　least；　I　have　never　yet　seen　an　innocent　man　fall　into　a　paroxysm　of　rage　against　himself；　nor　have　I　ever　heard　that　others　have　observed　it；　and　I　would　not　be　able　psychologically　to　explain　such　a　thing　should　it　happen。　Inasmuch　as　scenes　of　this　kind　can　occur　perceivably　only　in　the　most　externalized　forms　of　anger；　so　such　an　explosion　is　elementary　and　cannot　possibly　be　confused　with　another。　If　a　man　wrings　his　hands　until　they　bleed；　or　digs　his　finger…nails　into　his　forehead；　nobody　will　say　that　this　is　anger　against　himself；　it　is　only　an　attempt　to　do　something　to　release　stored…up　energy；　to　bring　it　to　bear　against　somebody。　People　are　visibly　angry　against　themselves　only　when　they　do　such　things　to　themselves　as　they　might　do　to　other　people；　for　example；　beating；　smashing；　pulling　the　hair；　etc。　This　is　particularly　frequent　among　Orientals　who　are　more　emotional　than　Europeans。　So　I　saw　a　Gypsy　run　his　head　against　a　wall；　and　a　Jew　throw　himself　on　his　knees；　extend　his　arms　and　box　his　ears　with　both　hands　so　forcibly　that　the　next　day　his　cheeks　were　swollen。　But　other　races；　if　only　they　are　passionate　enough；　behave　in　a　similar　manner。　I　saw　a　woman；　for　example；　tear　whole　handfuls　of　hair　from　her　head；　a　murdering　thief；　guilty　of　more　or　fewer　crimes；　smash　his　head　on　the　corner　of　a　window；　and　a　seventeen　year　old　murderer　throw　himself　into　a　ditch　in　the　street；　beat　his　head　fiercely　on　the　earth；　and　yell；　‘‘Hang　me！　Pull　my　head　off！''

The　events　in　all　these　cases　were　significantly　similar：　the　crime　was　so　skilfully　committed　as　conceivably　to　prevent　the　discovery　of　the　criminal；　the　criminal　denied　the　deed　with　the　most　glaring

＇1＇　A。　Bain：　The　Emotions　and　the　Will。　1875。

＇2＇　Les　Timides　et　la　Timidit