criminal psychology-第19节

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！



＇1＇　Th。　G。　von　Hippel：　Lebenlsufe　nach　aufsteigender　Linie。　Ed。　v　Oettingen。　Leipzig　1880

＇2＇　G。　Struve：　Das　Seelenleben　oder　die　Naturgeschichte　des　Menschen。　Berlin　1869。

　latter。　And　when　he　speaks　unpleasantly　about　his　friends　he　has　simply　abandoned　what　he　formerly　had　in　common　with　them。　Then　again　he　scolds　at　those　who　have　gotten　on　and　blames　their　evil　nature　for　it；　but　whoever　looks　more　closely　may　perceive　that　he　had　no　gain　in　the　same　evil　and　therefore　dislikes　it。　At　the　same　time；　he　cannot　possibly　suppress　what　he　wishes　and　what　he　needs。　Now；　whoever　knows　this　fact；　knows　his　motives　and　to　decide　in　view　of　these　with　regard　to　a　crime　is　seldom　difficult。　‘‘Nos　besoins　vent　nos　forces''but　superficial　needs　do　not　really　excite　us　while　what　is　an　actual　need　does。　Once　we　are　compelled；　our　power　to　achieve　what　we　want　grows　astoundingly。　How　we　wonder　at　the　great　amount　of　power　used　up；　in　the　case　of　many　criminals！　If　we　know　that　a　real　need　was　behind　the　crime；　we　need　no　longer　wonder　at　the　magnitude　of　the　power。　The　relation　between　the　crime　and　the　criminal　is　defined　because　we　have　discovered　his　needs。　To　these　needs　a　man's　pleasures　belong　also；　every　man；　until　the　practically　complete　loss　of　vigor；　has　as　a　rule　a　very　obvious　need　for　some　kind　of　pleasure。　It　is　human　nature　not　to　be　continuously　a　machine；　to　require　relief　and　pleasure。

The　word　pleasure　must　of　course　be　used　in　the　loosest　way；　for　one　man　finds　his　pleasure　in　sitting　beside　the　stove　or　in　the　shadow；　while　another　speaks　of　pleasure　only　when　he　can　bring　some　change　in　his　work。　I　consider　it　impossible　not　to　understand　a　man　whose　pleasures　are　known；　his　will；　his　power；　his　striving　and　knowing；　feeling　and　perceiving　cannot　be　made　clearer　by　any　other　thing。　Moreover；　it　happens　that　it　is　a　man's　pleasures　which　bring　him　into　court；　and　as　he　resists　or　falls　into　them　he　reveals　his　character。　The　famous　author　of　the　‘‘Imitation　of　Christ；''　Thomas　　Kempis；　whose　book　is；　saving　the　Bible；　the　most　wide…spread　on　earth；　says：　‘‘Occasiones　hominem　fragilem　non　faciunt；　sea；　qualis　sit；　ostendunt。''　That　is　a　golden　maxim　for　the　criminalist。　Opportunity；　the　chance　to　taste；　is　close　to　every　man；　countless　times；　is　his　greatest　danger；　for　that　reason　it　was　great　wisdom　in　the　Bible　that　called　the　devil；　the　Tempter。　A　man's　behavior　with　regard　to　the　discovered　or　sought…out　opportunity　exhibits　his　character　wholly　and　completely。　But　the　chance　to　observe　men　face　to　face　with　opportunity　is　a　rare　one；　and　that　falling…off　with　which　we　are　concerned　is　often　the　outcome　of　such　an　opportunity。　But　at　this　point　we　ought　not　longer　to　learn；　but　to　know；　and　hence　our　duty　to　study　the　　pleasures　of　men；　to　know　how　they　behave　in　the　presence　of　their　opportunities。

There　is　another　group　of　conditions　through　which　you　may　observe　and　judge　men　in　general。　The　most　important　one　is　to　know　yourself　as　well　as　possible；　for　accurate　self…knowledge　leads　to　deep　mistrust　with　regard　to　others；　and　only　the　man　suspicious　with　regard　to　others　is　insured；　at　least　a　little；　against　mistakes。　To　pass　from　mistrust　to　the　reception　of　something　good　is　not　difficult；　even　in　cases　where　the　mistrust　is　well…founded　and　the　presupposition　of　excellent　motives　among　our　fellows　is　strongly　fought。　Nevertheless；　when　something　actually　good　is　perceivable；　one　is　convinced　by　it　and　even　made　happy。　But　the　converse　is　not　true；　for　anybody　who　is　too　trusting　easily　presupposes　the　best　at　every　opportunity；　though　he　may　have　been　deceived　a　thousand　times　and　is　now　deceived　again。　How　it　happens　that　self…knowledge　leads　to　suspicion　of　others　we　had　better　not　investigate　too　closelyit　is　a　fact。

Every　man　is　characterized　by　the　way　he　behaves　in　regard　to　his　promises。　I　do　not　mean　keeping　or　breaking　a　promise；　because　nobody　doubts　that　the　honest　man　keeps　it　and　the　scoundrel　does　not。　I　mean　the　_*manner_　in　which　a　promise　is　kept　and　the　_*degree_　in　which　it　is　kept。　La　Roche…Foucauld＇1＇　says　significantly：　‘‘We　promise　according　to　our　hopes；　and　perform　according　to　our　fears。''　When　in　any　given　case　promising　and　hopes　and　performance　and　fears　are　compared；　important　considerations　arise；　especially　in　cases　of　complicity　in　crime。

When　it　is　at　all　possible；　and　in　most　cases　it　is；　one　ought　to　concern　oneself　with　a　man's　style；the　handwriting　of　his　soul。　What　this　consists　of　cannot　be　expressed　in　a　definite　way。　The　style　must　simply　be　studied　and　tested　with　regard　to　its　capacity　for　being　united　with　certain　presupposed　qualities。　Everybody　knows　that　education；　bringing…up；　and　intelligence　are　indubitably　expressed　in　style；　but　it　may　also　be　observed　that　style　clearly　expresses　softness　or　hardness　of　a　character；　kindness　or　cruelty；　determination　or　weakness；　integrity　or　carelessness；　and　hundreds　of　other　qualities。　Generally　the　purpose　of　studying　style　may　be　achieved　by　keeping　in　mind　some　definite　quality　presupposed　and　by　asking　oneself；　while　reading　the　manuscript　of　the　person　in　question；　whether　this　quality　fuses　with　the　manuscript's　form　and　with　the　individual　tendencies　and　relationships　that　occur　in　the

＇1＇　La　Roche…Foucauld：　Maximes　et　Refl