the critique of pure reason-及76准
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
up to a given moment�察�although that time is not determinable by us。
But as regards time future�察�which is not the condition of arriving
at the present�察�in order to conceive it�察�it is quite indifferent
whether we consider future time as ceasing at some point�察�or as
prolonging itself to infinity。 Take�察�for example�察�the series m�察�n��
o�察�in which n is given as conditioned in relation to m�察�but at the
same time as the condition of o�察�and let the series proceed upwards
from the conditioned n to m ��l�察�k�察�i�察�etc。���察�and also downwards from
the condition n to the conditioned o ��p�察�q�察�r�察�etc。��´ I must
presuppose the former series�察�to be able to consider n as given�察�and n
is according to reason ��the totality of conditions�� possible only by
means of that series。 But its possibility does not rest on the
following series o�察�p�察�q�察�r�察�which for this reason cannot be
regarded as given�察�but only as capable of being given ��dabilis��。
I shall term the synthesis of the series on the side of the
conditions´ from that nearest to the given phenomenon up to the more
remote´ regressive�察�that which proceeds on the side of the
conditioned�察�from the immediate consequence to the more remote�察�I
shall call the progressive synthesis。 The former proceeds in
antecedentia�察�the latter in consequentia。 The cosmological ideas are
therefore occupied with the totality of the regressive synthesis��
and proceed in antecedentia�察�not in consequentia。 When the latter
takes place�察�it is an arbitrary and not a necessary problem of pure
reason�察�for we require�察�for the complete understanding of what is
given in a phenomenon�察�not the consequences which succeed�察�but the
grounds or principles which precede。
In order to construct the table of ideas in correspondence with
the table of categories�察�we take first the two primitive quanta of all
our intuitions�察�time and space。 Time is in itself a series ��and the
formal condition of all series���察�and hence�察�in relation to a given
present�察�we must distinguish a priori in it the antecedentia as
conditions ��time past�� from the consequentia ��time future��。
Consequently�察�the transcendental idea of the absolute totality of
the series of the conditions of a given conditioned�察�relates merely to
all past time。 According to the idea of reason�察�the whole past time��
as the condition of the given moment�察�is necessarily cogitated as
given。 But�察�as regards space�察�there exists in it no distinction
between progressus and regressus�察�for it is an aggregate and not a
series´ its parts existing together at the same time。 I can consider a
given point of time in relation to past time only as conditioned��
because this given moment comes into existence only through the past
time rather through the passing of the preceding time。 But as the
parts of space are not subordinated�察�but co´ordinated to each other��
one part cannot be the condition of the possibility of the other��
and space is not in itself�察�like time�察�a series。 But the synthesis
of the manifold parts of space´ ��the syntheses whereby we apprehend
space��´ is nevertheless successive�察�it takes place�察�therefore�察�in
time�察�and contains a series。 And as in this series of aggregated
spaces ��for example�察�the feet in a rood���察�beginning with a given
portion of space�察�those which continue to be annexed form the
condition of the limits of the former´ the measurement of a space must
also be regarded as a synthesis of the series of the conditions of a
given conditioned。 It differs�察�however�察�in this respect from that of
time�察�that the side of the conditioned is not in itself
distinguishable from the side of the condition�察�and�察�consequently��
regressus and progressus in space seem to be identical。 But��
inasmuch as one part of space is not given�察�but only limited�察�by and
through another�察�we must also consider every limited space as
conditioned�察�in so far as it presupposes some other space as the
condition of its limitation�察�and so on。 As regards limitation��
therefore�察�our procedure in space is also a regressus�察�and the
transcendental idea of the absolute totality of the synthesis in a
series of conditions applies to space also�察�and I am entitled to
demand the absolute totality of the phenomenal synthesis in space as
well as in time。 Whether my demand can be satisfied is a question to
be answered in the sequel。
Secondly�察�the real in space´ that is�察�matter´ is conditioned。 Its
internal conditions are its parts�察�and the parts of parts its remote
conditions�察�so that in this case we find a regressive synthesis�察�the
absolute totality of which is a demand of reason。 But this cannot be
obtained otherwise than by a complete division of parts�察�whereby the
real in matter becomes either nothing or that which is not matter��
that is to say�察�the simple。 Consequently we find here also a series of
conditions and a progress to the unconditioned。
Thirdly�察�as regards the categories of a real relation between
phenomena�察�the category of substance and its accidents is not suitable
for the formation of a transcendental idea�察�that is to say�察�reason has
no ground�察�in regard to it�察�to proceed regressively with conditions。
For accidents ��in so far as they inhere in a substance�� are
co´ordinated with each other�察�and do not constitute a series。 And��
in relation to substance�察�they are not properly subordinated to it��
but are the mode of existence of the substance itself。 The
conception of the substantial might nevertheless seem to be an idea of
the transcendental reason。 But�察�as this signifies nothing more than
the conception of an object in general�察�which subsists in so far as we
cogitate in it merely a transcendental subject without any predicates��
and as the question here is of an unconditioned in the series of
phenomena´ it is clear that the substantial can form no member
thereof。 The same holds good of substances in community�察�which are
mere aggregates and do not form a series。 For they are not
subordinated to each other as conditions of the possibility of each
other�察�which�察�however�察�may be affirmed of spaces�察�the limits of
which are never determined in themselves�察�but always by some other
space。 It is�察�therefore�察�only in the category of causality that we can
find a series of causes to a given effect�察�and in which we ascend from
the latter�察�as the conditioned�察�to the former as the conditions�察�and
thus answer the question of reason。
Fourthly�察�the conceptions of the possible�察�the actual�察�and the
necessary do not conduct us to any series´ excepting only in so far as
the contingent in existence must always be regarded as conditioned��
and as indicating�察�according to a law of the understanding�察�a
condition�察�under which it is necessary to rise to a higher�察�till in
the totality of the series�察�reason arrives at unconditioned necessity。
There are�察�accordingly�察�only four cosmological ideas��
corresponding with the four titles of the categories。 For we can
select only such as necessarily furnish us with a series in the
synthesis of the manifold。
1
The absolute Completeness
of the
COMPOSITION
of the given totality of all phenomena。
2
The absolute Completeness
of the
DIVISION
of given totality in a phenomenon。
3
The absolute Completeness
of the
ORIGINATION
of a phenomenon。
4
The absolute Completeness
of the DEPENDENCE of the EXISTENCE
of what is changeable in a phenomenon。
We must here remark�察�in the first place�察�that the idea of absolute
totality relates to nothing but the exposition of phenomena�察�and
therefore not to the pure conception of a totality of things。
Phenomena are here�察�therefore�察�regarded as given�察�and reason
requires the absolute completeness of the conditions of their
possibility�察�in so far as these conditions constitute a series´
consequently an absolutely ��that is�察�in every respect�� complete
synthesis�察�whereby a phenomenon can be explained according to the laws
of the understanding。
Secondly�察�it is properly the unconditioned alone that reason seeks
in this serially and regressively conducted synthesis of conditions。
It wishes�察�to speak in another way�察�to attain to completeness in the
series of premisses�察�so as to render it unnecessary to presuppose
others。 This unconditioned is always contained in the absolute
totality of the series�察�when we endeavour to form a representation
of it in thought。 But this absolutely complete synthesis is itself but
an idea�察�for it is impossible�察�at least before hand�察�to know whether
any such synthesis is possible in the case of phenomena。 When we
represent all existence in thought by means of pure conceptions of the
understanding�察�without any conditions of sensuous intuition��