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the critique of pure reason-及76准

弌傍�� the critique of pure reason 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




up to a given moment�察�although that time is not determinable by us。

But as regards time future�察�which is not the condition of arriving

at the present�察�in order to conceive it�察�it is quite indifferent

whether we consider future time as ceasing at some point�察�or as

prolonging itself to infinity。 Take�察�for example�察�the series m�察�n��

o�察�in which n is given as conditioned in relation to m�察�but at the

same time as the condition of o�察�and let the series proceed upwards

from the conditioned n to m ��l�察�k�察�i�察�etc。���察�and also downwards from

the condition n to the conditioned o ��p�察�q�察�r�察�etc。��´ I must

presuppose the former series�察�to be able to consider n as given�察�and n

is according to reason ��the totality of conditions�� possible only by

means of that series。 But its possibility does not rest on the

following series o�察�p�察�q�察�r�察�which for this reason cannot be

regarded as given�察�but only as capable of being given ��dabilis��。

  I shall term the synthesis of the series on the side of the

conditions´ from that nearest to the given phenomenon up to the more

remote´ regressive�察�that which proceeds on the side of the

conditioned�察�from the immediate consequence to the more remote�察�I

shall call the progressive synthesis。 The former proceeds in

antecedentia�察�the latter in consequentia。 The cosmological ideas are

therefore occupied with the totality of the regressive synthesis��

and proceed in antecedentia�察�not in consequentia。 When the latter

takes place�察�it is an arbitrary and not a necessary problem of pure

reason�察�for we require�察�for the complete understanding of what is

given in a phenomenon�察�not the consequences which succeed�察�but the

grounds or principles which precede。

  In order to construct the table of ideas in correspondence with

the table of categories�察�we take first the two primitive quanta of all

our intuitions�察�time and space。 Time is in itself a series ��and the

formal condition of all series���察�and hence�察�in relation to a given

present�察�we must distinguish a priori in it the antecedentia as

conditions ��time past�� from the consequentia ��time future��。

Consequently�察�the transcendental idea of the absolute totality of

the series of the conditions of a given conditioned�察�relates merely to

all past time。 According to the idea of reason�察�the whole past time��

as the condition of the given moment�察�is necessarily cogitated as

given。 But�察�as regards space�察�there exists in it no distinction

between progressus and regressus�察�for it is an aggregate and not a

series´ its parts existing together at the same time。 I can consider a

given point of time in relation to past time only as conditioned��

because this given moment comes into existence only through the past

time rather through the passing of the preceding time。 But as the

parts of space are not subordinated�察�but co´ordinated to each other��

one part cannot be the condition of the possibility of the other��

and space is not in itself�察�like time�察�a series。 But the synthesis

of the manifold parts of space´ ��the syntheses whereby we apprehend

space��´ is nevertheless successive�察�it takes place�察�therefore�察�in

time�察�and contains a series。 And as in this series of aggregated

spaces ��for example�察�the feet in a rood���察�beginning with a given

portion of space�察�those which continue to be annexed form the

condition of the limits of the former´ the measurement of a space must

also be regarded as a synthesis of the series of the conditions of a

given conditioned。 It differs�察�however�察�in this respect from that of

time�察�that the side of the conditioned is not in itself

distinguishable from the side of the condition�察�and�察�consequently��

regressus and progressus in space seem to be identical。 But��

inasmuch as one part of space is not given�察�but only limited�察�by and

through another�察�we must also consider every limited space as

conditioned�察�in so far as it presupposes some other space as the

condition of its limitation�察�and so on。 As regards limitation��

therefore�察�our procedure in space is also a regressus�察�and the

transcendental idea of the absolute totality of the synthesis in a

series of conditions applies to space also�察�and I am entitled to

demand the absolute totality of the phenomenal synthesis in space as

well as in time。 Whether my demand can be satisfied is a question to

be answered in the sequel。

  Secondly�察�the real in space´ that is�察�matter´ is conditioned。 Its

internal conditions are its parts�察�and the parts of parts its remote

conditions�察�so that in this case we find a regressive synthesis�察�the

absolute totality of which is a demand of reason。 But this cannot be

obtained otherwise than by a complete division of parts�察�whereby the

real in matter becomes either nothing or that which is not matter��

that is to say�察�the simple。 Consequently we find here also a series of

conditions and a progress to the unconditioned。

  Thirdly�察�as regards the categories of a real relation between

phenomena�察�the category of substance and its accidents is not suitable

for the formation of a transcendental idea�察�that is to say�察�reason has

no ground�察�in regard to it�察�to proceed regressively with conditions。

For accidents ��in so far as they inhere in a substance�� are

co´ordinated with each other�察�and do not constitute a series。 And��

in relation to substance�察�they are not properly subordinated to it��

but are the mode of existence of the substance itself。 The

conception of the substantial might nevertheless seem to be an idea of

the transcendental reason。 But�察�as this signifies nothing more than

the conception of an object in general�察�which subsists in so far as we

cogitate in it merely a transcendental subject without any predicates��

and as the question here is of an unconditioned in the series of

phenomena´ it is clear that the substantial can form no member

thereof。 The same holds good of substances in community�察�which are

mere aggregates and do not form a series。 For they are not

subordinated to each other as conditions of the possibility of each

other�察�which�察�however�察�may be affirmed of spaces�察�the limits of

which are never determined in themselves�察�but always by some other

space。 It is�察�therefore�察�only in the category of causality that we can

find a series of causes to a given effect�察�and in which we ascend from

the latter�察�as the conditioned�察�to the former as the conditions�察�and

thus answer the question of reason。

  Fourthly�察�the conceptions of the possible�察�the actual�察�and the

necessary do not conduct us to any series´ excepting only in so far as

the contingent in existence must always be regarded as conditioned��

and as indicating�察�according to a law of the understanding�察�a

condition�察�under which it is necessary to rise to a higher�察�till in

the totality of the series�察�reason arrives at unconditioned necessity。

  There are�察�accordingly�察�only four cosmological ideas��

corresponding with the four titles of the categories。 For we can

select only such as necessarily furnish us with a series in the

synthesis of the manifold。



                      1

            The absolute Completeness

                    of the

                 COMPOSITION

     of the given totality of all phenomena。



                      2

            The absolute Completeness

                    of the

                   DIVISION

     of given totality in a phenomenon。



                       3

            The absolute Completeness

                     of the

                   ORIGINATION

                  of a phenomenon。



                       4

            The absolute Completeness

         of the DEPENDENCE of the EXISTENCE

        of what is changeable in a phenomenon。



  We must here remark�察�in the first place�察�that the idea of absolute

totality relates to nothing but the exposition of phenomena�察�and

therefore not to the pure conception of a totality of things。

Phenomena are here�察�therefore�察�regarded as given�察�and reason

requires the absolute completeness of the conditions of their

possibility�察�in so far as these conditions constitute a series´

consequently an absolutely ��that is�察�in every respect�� complete

synthesis�察�whereby a phenomenon can be explained according to the laws

of the understanding。

  Secondly�察�it is properly the unconditioned alone that reason seeks

in this serially and regressively conducted synthesis of conditions。

It wishes�察�to speak in another way�察�to attain to completeness in the

series of premisses�察�so as to render it unnecessary to presuppose

others。 This unconditioned is always contained in the absolute

totality of the series�察�when we endeavour to form a representation

of it in thought。 But this absolutely complete synthesis is itself but

an idea�察�for it is impossible�察�at least before hand�察�to know whether

any such synthesis is possible in the case of phenomena。 When we

represent all existence in thought by means of pure conceptions of the

understanding�察�without any conditions of sensuous intuition��

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