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               2                                    3

          Anticipations                          Analogies

          of Perception                        of Experience

                                4

                          Postulates of

                        Empirical Thought

                           in general



  These appellations I have chosen advisedly; in order that we might

not lose sight of the distinctions in respect of the evidence and

the employment of these principles。 It will; however; soon appear

that… a fact which concerns both the evidence of these principles; and

the a priori determination of phenomena… according to the categories

of quantity and quality (if we attend merely to the form of these);

the principles of these categories are distinguishable from those of

the two others; in as much as the former are possessed of an

intuitive; but the latter of a merely discursive; though in both

instances a complete; certitude。 I shall therefore call the former

mathematical; and the latter dynamical principles。* It must be

observed; however; that by these terms I mean just as little in the

one case the principles of mathematics as those of general

(physical) dynamics in the other。 I have here in view merely the

principles of the pure understanding; in their application to the

internal sense (without distinction of the representations given

therein); by means of which the sciences of mathematics and dynamics

become possible。 Accordingly; I have named these principles rather

with reference to their application than their content; and I shall

now proceed to consider them in the order in which they stand in the

table。



  *All combination (conjunctio) is either composition (compositio)

or connection (nexus)。 The former is the synthesis of a manifold;

the parts of which do not necessarily belong to each other。 For

example; the two triangles into which a square is divided by a

diagonal; do not necessarily belong to each other; and of this kind is

the synthesis of the homogeneous in everything that can be

mathematically considered。 This synthesis can be divided into those of

aggregation and coalition; the former of which is applied to

extensive; the latter to intensive quantities。 The second sort of

combination (nexus) is the synthesis of a manifold; in so far as its

parts do belong necessarily to each other; for example; the accident

to a substance; or the effect to the cause。 Consequently it is a

synthesis of that which though heterogeneous; is represented as

connected a priori。 This combination… not an arbitrary one… I

entitle dynamical because it concerns the connection of the

existence of the manifold。 This; again; may be divided into the

physical synthesis; of the phenomena divided among each other; and the

metaphysical synthesis; or the connection of phenomena a priori in the

faculty of cognition。



                 1。 AXIOMS OF INTUITION。

     The principle of these is: All Intuitions are Extensive

                      Quantities。



                         PROOF。



  All phenomena contain; as regards their form; an intuition in

space and time; which lies a priori at the foundation of all without

exception。 Phenomena; therefore; cannot be apprehended; that is;

received into empirical consciousness otherwise than through the

synthesis of a manifold; through which the representations of a

determinate space or time are generated; that is to say; through the

composition of the homogeneous and the consciousness of the

synthetical unity of this manifold (homogeneous)。 Now the

consciousness of a homogeneous manifold in intuition; in so far as

thereby the representation of an object is rendered possible; is the

conception of a quantity (quanti)。 Consequently; even the perception

of an object as phenomenon is possible only through the same

synthetical unity of the manifold of the given sensuous intuition;

through which the unity of the composition of the homogeneous manifold

in the conception of a quantity is cogitated; that is to say; all

phenomena are quantities; and extensive quantities; because as

intuitions in space or time they must be represented by means of the

same synthesis through which space and time themselves are determined。

  An extensive quantity I call that wherein the representation of

the parts renders possible (and therefore necessarily antecedes) the

representation of the whole。 I cannot represent to myself any line;

however small; without drawing it in thought; that is; without

generating from a point all its parts one after another; and in this

way alone producing this intuition。 Precisely the same is the case

with every; even the smallest; portion of time。 I cogitate therein

only the successive progress from one moment to another; and hence; by

means of the different portions of time and the addition of them; a

determinate quantity of time is produced。 As the pure intuition in all

phenomena is either time or space; so is every phenomenon in its

character of intuition an extensive quantity; inasmuch as it can

only be cognized in our apprehension by successive synthesis (from

part to part)。 All phenomena are; accordingly; to be considered as

aggregates; that is; as a collection of previously given parts;

which is not the case with every sort of quantities; but only with

those which are represented and apprehended by us as extensive。

  On this successive synthesis of the productive imagination; in the

generation of figures; is founded the mathematics of extension; or

geometry; with its axioms; which express the conditions of sensuous

intuition a priori; under which alone the schema of a pure

conception of external intuition can exist; for example; 〃be tween two

points only one straight line is possible;〃 〃two straight lines cannot

enclose a space;〃 etc。 These are the axioms which properly relate only

to quantities (quanta) as such。

  But; as regards the quantity of a thing (quantitas); that is to say;

the answer to the question: 〃How large is this or that object?〃

although; in respect to this question; we have various propositions

synthetical and immediately certain (indemonstrabilia); we have; in

the proper sense of the term; no axioms。 For example; the

propositions: 〃If equals be added to equals; the wholes are equal〃;

〃If equals be taken from equals; the remainders are equal〃; are

analytical; because I am immediately conscious of the identity of

the production of the one quantity with the production of the other;

whereas axioms must be a priori synthetical propositions。 On the other

hand; the self…evident propositions as to the relation of numbers; are

certainly synthetical but not universal; like those of geometry; and

for this reason cannot be called axioms; but numerical formulae。

That 7 + 5 = 12 is not an analytical proposition。 For neither in the

representation of seven; nor of five; nor of the composition of the

two numbers; do I cogitate the number twelve。 (Whether I cogitate

the number in the addition of both; is not at present the question;

for in the case of an analytical proposition; the only point is

whether I really cogitate the predicate in the representation of the

subject。) But although the proposition is synthetical; it is

nevertheless only a singular proposition。 In so far as regard is

here had merely to the synthesis of the homogeneous (the units); it

cannot take place except in one manner; although our use of these

numbers is afterwards general。 If I say: 〃A triangle can be

constructed with three lines; any two of which taken together are

greater than the third;〃 I exercise merely the pure function of the

productive imagination; which may draw the lines longer or shorter and

construct the angles at its pleasure。 On the contrary; the number

seven is possible only in one manner; and so is likewise the number

twelve; which results from the synthesis of seven and five。 Such

propositions; then; cannot be termed axioms (for in that case we

should have an infinity of these); but numerical formulae。

  This transcendental principle of the mathematics of phenomena

greatly enlarges our a priori cognition。 For it is by this principle

alone that pure mathematics is rendered applicable in all its

precision to objects of experience; and without it the validity of

this application would not be so self…evident; on the contrary;

contradictions and confusions have often arisen on this very point。

Phenomena are not things in themselves。 Empirical intuition is

possible only through pure intuition (of space and time);

consequently; what geometry affirms of the latter; is indisputably

valid of the former。 All evasions; such as the statement that

objects of sense do not conform to the rules of construction in

space (for example; to the rule of the infinite divisibility of

lines or angles); must fall to the ground。 For; if these objections

hold good; we deny to space; and with 

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