the critique of pure reason-第114节

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existing　between　these　earths；　and　supposes　that　nature　is　richer　in

substances　than　our　senses　would　indicate。　The　faculty　of　the

understanding　belongs　to　us　just　as　much　under　the　presupposition　of

differences　in　the　objects　of　nature；　as　under　the　condition　that

these　objects　are　homogeneous；　because　we　could　not　possess

conceptions；　nor　make　any　use　of　our　understanding；　were　not　the

phenomena　included　under　these　conceptions　in　some　respects

dissimilar；　as　well　as　similar；　in　their　character。

　　Reason　thus　prepares　the　sphere　of　the　understanding　for　the

operations　of　this　faculty：　1。　By　the　principle　of　the　homogeneity

of　the　diverse　in　higher　genera；　2。　By　the　principle　of　the　variety　of

the　homogeneous　in　lower　species；　and；　to　complete　the　systematic

unity；　it　adds；　3。　A　law　of　the　affinity　of　all　conceptions　which

prescribes　a　continuous　transition　from　one　species　to　every　other

by　the　gradual　increase　of　diversity。　We　may　term　these　the　principles

of　the　homogeneity；　the　specification；　and　the　continuity　of　forms。

The　latter　results　from　the　union　of　the　two　former；　inasmuch　as　we

regard　the　systematic　connection　as　complete　in　thought；　in　the　ascent

to　higher　genera；　as　well　as　in　the　descent　to　lower　species。　For

all　diversities　must　be　related　to　each　other；　as　they　all　spring　from

one　highest　genus；　descending　through　the　different　gradations　of　a

more　and　more　extended　determination。

　　We　may　illustrate　the　systematic　unity　produced　by　the　three　logical

principles　in　the　following　manner。　Every　conception　may　be　regarded

as　a　point；　which；　as　the　standpoint　of　a　spectator；　has　a　certain

horizon；　which　may　be　said　to　enclose　a　number　of　things　that　may　be

viewed；　so　to　speak；　from　that　centre。　Within　this　horizon　there

must　be　an　infinite　number　of　other　points；　each　of　which　has　its

own　horizon；　smaller　and　more　circumscribed；　in　other　words；　every

species　contains　sub…species；　according　to　the　principle　of

specification；　and　the　logical　horizon　consists　of　smaller　horizons

（subspecies）；　but　not　of　points　（individuals）；　which　possess　no

extent。　But　different　horizons　or　genera；　which　include　under　them

so　many　conceptions；　may　have　one　common　horizon；　from　which；　as

from　a　mid…point；　they　may　be　surveyed；　and　we　may　proceed　thus；

till　we　arrive　at　the　highest　genus；　or　universal　and　true　horizon；

which　is　determined　by　the　highest　conception；　and　which　contains

under　itself　all　differences　and　varieties；　as　genera；　species；　and

subspecies。

　　To　this　highest　standpoint　I　am　conducted　by　the　law　of　homogeneity；

as　to　all　lower　and　more　variously…determined　conceptions　by　the　law

of　specification。　Now　as　in　this　way　there　exists　no　void　in　the　whole

extent　of　all　possible　conceptions；　and　as　out　of　the　sphere　of

these　the　mind　can　discover　nothing；　there　arises　from　the

presupposition　of　the　universal　horizon　above　mentioned；　and　its

complete　division；　the　principle：　Non　datur　vacuum　formarum。　This

principle　asserts　that　there　are　not　different　primitive　and　highest

genera；　which　stand　isolated；　so　to　speak；　from　each　other；　but　all

the　various　genera　are　mere　divisions　and　limitations　of　one　highest

and　universal　genus；　and　hence　follows　immediately　the　principle：

Datur　continuum　formarum。　This　principle　indicates　that　all

differences　of　species　limit　each　other；　and　do　not　admit　of

transition　from　one　to　another　by　a　saltus；　but　only　through　smaller

degrees　of　the　difference　between　the　one　species　and　the　other。　In

one　word；　there　are　no　species　or　sub…species　which　（in　the　view　of

reason）　are　the　nearest　possible　to　each　other；　intermediate　species

or　sub…species　being　always　possible；　the　difference　of　which　from

each　of　the　former　is　always　smaller　than　the　difference　existing

between　these。

　　The　first　law；　therefore；　directs　us　to　avoid　the　notion　that

there　exist　different　primal　genera；　and　enounces　the　fact　of

perfect　homogeneity；　the　second　imposes　a　check　upon　this　tendency

to　unity　and　prescribes　the　distinction　of　sub…species；　before

proceeding　to　apply　our　general　conceptions　to　individuals。　The

third　unites　both　the　former；　by　enouncing　the　fact　of　homogeneity

as　existing　even　in　the　most　various　diversity；　by　means　of　the

gradual　transition　from　one　species　to　another。　Thus　it　indicates　a

relationship　between　the　different　branches　or　species；　in　so　far　as

they　all　spring　from　the　same　stem。

　　But　this　logical　law　of　the　continuum　specierum　（formarum　logicarum）

presupposes　a　transcendental　principle　（lex　continui　in　natura）；

without　which　the　understanding　might　be　led　into　error；　by

following　the　guidance　of　the　former；　and　thus　perhaps　pursuing　a　path

contrary　to　that　prescribed　by　nature。　This　law　must；　consequently；　be

based　upon　pure　transcendental；　and　not　upon　empirical；

considerations。　For；　in　the　latter　case；　it　would　come　later　than

the　system；　whereas　it　is　really　itself　the　parent　of　all　that　is

systematic　in　our　cognition　of　nature。　These　principles　are　not　mere

hypotheses　employed　for　the　purpose　of　experimenting　upon　nature；

although　when　any　such　connection　is　discovered；　it　forms　a　solid

ground　for　regarding　the　hypothetical　unity　as　valid　in　the　sphere

of　nature…　and　thus　they　are　in　this　respect　not　without　their　use。

But　we　go　farther；　and　maintain　that　it　is　manifest　that　these

principles　of　parsimony　in　fundamental　causes；　variety　in　effects；　and

affinity　in　phenomena；　are　in　accordance　both　with　reason　and

nature；　and　that　they　are　not　mere　methods　or　plans　devised　for　the

purpose　of　assisting　us　in　our　observation　of　the　external　world。

　　But　it　is　plain　that　this　continuity　of　forms　is　a　mere　idea；　to

which　no　adequate　object　can　be　discovered　in　experience。　And　this　for

two　reasons。　First；　because　the　species　in　nature　are　really

divided；　and　hence　form　quanta　discreta；　and；　if　the　gradual

progression　through　their　affinity　were　continuous；　the　intermediate

members　lying　between　two　given　species　must　be　infinite　in　number；

which　is　impossible。　Secondly；　because　we　cannot　make　any

determinate　empirical　use　of　this　law；　inasmuch　as　it　does　not　present

us　with　any　criterion　of　affinity　which　could　aid　us　in　determining

how　far　we　ought　to　pursue　the　graduation　of　differences：　it　merely

contains　a　general　indication　that　it　is　our　duty　to　seek　for　and；

if　possible；　to　discover　them。

　　When　we　arrange　these　principles　of　systematic　unity　in　the　order

conformable　to　their　employment　in　experience；　they　will　stand　thus：

Variety；　Affinity；　Unity；　each　of　them；　as　ideas；　being　taken　in　the

highest　degree　of　their　completeness。　Reason　presupposes　the　existence

of　cognitions　of　the　understanding；　which　have　a　direct　relation　to

experience；　and　aims　at　the　ideal　unity　of　these　cognitions…　a　unity

which　far　transcends　all　experience　or　empirical　notions。　The　affinity

of　the　diverse；　notwithstanding　the　differences　existing　between　its

parts；　has　a　relation　to　things；　but　a　still　closer　one　to　the　mere

properties　and　powers　of　things。　For　example；　imperfect　experience　may

represent　the　orbits　of　the　planets　as　circular。　But　we　discover

variations　from　this　course；　and　we　proceed　to　suppose　that　the

planets　revolve　in　a　path　which；　if　not　a　circle；　is　of　a　character

very　similar　to　it。　That　is　to　say；　the　movements　of　those　planets

which　do　not　form　a　circle　will　approximate　more　or　less　to　the

properties　of　a　circle；　and　probably　form　an　ellipse。　The　paths　of

comets　exhibit　still　greater　variations；　for；　so　far　as　our

observation　extends；　they　do　not　return　upon　their　own　course　in　a

circle　or　ellipse。　But　we　proceed　to　the　conjecture　that　comets

describe　a　parabola；　a　figure　which　is　closely　allied　to　the

ellipse。　In　fact；　a　parabola　is　merely　an　ellipse；　with　its　longer

axis　produced　to　an　indefinite　extent。　Thus　these　principles　conduct

us　to　a　unity　in　the　genera　of　the　forms　of　these　orbits；　and；

proceeding　farther；　to　a　unity　as　regards　the　cause　of　the　motions

of　the　heavenly　bodies…　that　is；　gravitation。　But　we　go　on　extending

our　conquests　over　nature；　and　endeavour　to　explain　all　seeming

deviations　from　these　rules；　and　even　make　additions　to　our　system

which　no　experience　can　ever　substantiate…　for　example；　the　theory；　in

affinity　with　that　of　ellipses；　of　hyperbolic　paths　of　comets；

pursuing　which；　these　bodies　leave　our　solar　system　and；　passing

from　sun　to　sun；　unite　the　most　distant　parts　of　the　infinite

universe；　which　is　held　together　by　the　same　moving　power。

　　The　most　remarkable　circumstance　connected　with　these　principles

is　that　they　seem　to　be　transcendental；　and；　although　only

containing　ideas　for　the　guidance　of　the　empirical　exercise　of　reason；

and　although　this　empirical　employment　stands　to　these　ideas　in　an

asymptotic　relation　alone　（to　use　a　mathematical　term）；　that　is；

continually　approximate；　without　ever　being　able　to　attain　to　them；

they　possess；　notwithst