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and looked as carefully as we do for a corrective of social evils。 Wiclif�察�in 

the late fourteenth century�察�and Tindale�察�in the early sixteenth�察�were two 

such   men。   The   first   English   translations   of   the   Bible   were   fruits   of   the 

social impulse。 

     Wiclif   was   impressed   with   the   chasm  that   was   growing   between   the 

church and the people�察�and felt that a wider and fuller knowledge of the 



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Bible would be helpful for the closing of the chasm。 It is a familiar remark 

of   Miss   Jane Addams   that   the   cure   for   the   evils   of   democracy   is   more 

democracy。 Wiclif believed that the cure for the evils of religion is more 

religion�察�more intelligent religion。 He found a considerable feeling that the 

best things in religion ought to be kept from most people�察�since they could 

not be trusted to understand them。 His own feeling was that the best things 

in religion are exactly the things most people ought to know most about�察�

that people had better handle the Bible carelessly�察�mistakenly�察�than be shut 

out from it by any means whatever。 We owe the first English translation to 

a faith that the Bible is a book of emancipation for the mind and for the 

political life。 

     John Wiclif   himself   was   a   scholar   of   Oxford�察  �master   of   that   famous 

Balliol College which has had such a list of distinguished masters。 He was 

an    adviser    of  Edward      III。  Twenty     years    after  his   death   a   younger 

contemporary ��W。 Thorpe�� said that ;he was considered by many to be the 

most holy of all the men of his age。 He was of emaciated frame�察�spare�察�and 

well    nigh    destitute   of  strength。    He    was   absolutely     blameless     in  his 

conduct。; And even that same Knighton who accused him of casting the 

Church's      pearl   before   swine    says   that  in  philosophy      ;he   came    to  be 

reckoned inferior to none of his time。; 

     But it was not at Oxford that he came to know common life so well 

and   to   sense   the   need   for   a   new   social   influence。   He   came   nearer   to   it 

when he was rector of the parish at Lutterworth。 As scholar and rector he 

set going the two great movements which leave his name in history。 One 

was his securing�察�training�察�and sending out a band of itinerant preachers or 

;poor priests; to gather the people in fields and byways and to preach the 

simple truths of the Christian religion。 They were unpaid�察�and lived by the 

kindness of the common people。 They came to be called Lollards�察�though 

the origin of the name is obscure。 Their followers received the same name。 

A few years after Wiclif's death an enemy bitterly observed that if you met 

any two men one was sure to be a Lollard。 It was the ;first time in English 

history    that   an   appeal    had   been    made    to  the   people    instead    of  the 

scholars。; Religion was to be made rather a matter of practical life than of 

dogma or of ritual。 The ;poor priests; in their cheap brown robes became a 



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mighty religious force�察�and evoked opposition from the Church powers。 A 

generation after Wiclif's death they had become a mighty political force in 

the   controversy   between   the   King   and   the   Pope。   As   late   as   1521   five 

hundred      Lollards     were    arrested    in  London      by   the   bishop。��1�А    �Wiclif's 

purpose�察  �however�察  �was   to   reach   and   help   the   common   people   with   the 

simpler�察�and therefore the most fundamental�察�truths of religion。 

        ��1�А�Muir�察�Our Grand Old Bible�察�p。 14。 

       The other movement which marks Wiclif's name concerns us more�察�

but it was connected with the first。 He set out to give the common people 

the full text of the Bible for their common use�察�and to encourage them not 

only in reading it�察�if already they could read�察�but in learning to read that 

they might read it。 Tennyson compares the village of Lutterworth to that of 

Bethlehem�察  �on   the   ground   that   if   Christ�察  �the   Word   of   God�察  �was   born   at 

Bethlehem�察       �the  Word     of   Life   was    born   again    at  Lutterworth。��1�А      �The 

translation   was   from   the   Vulgate�察  �and   Wiclif   probably   did   little   of   the 

actual   work himself�察  �yet   it   is   all   his   work。 And   in 1382�察  �more   than   five 

centuries   ago�察  �there   appeared   the   first   complete   English   version   of   the 

Bible。 Wiclif made it the people's Book�察�and the English people were the 

first   of   the   modern   nations   to   whom   the   Bible   as   a   whole   was   given   in 

their own familiar tongue。 Once it got into their hands they have never let 

it be taken entirely away。 

        ��1�А �Not least art thou�察�thou little Bethlehem                In Judah�察�for in thee 

the Lord was born�察         �Nor thou in Britain�察�little Lutterworth�察            �Least�察�for in 

thee    the   word    was    born    again。;                                       Sir    John 

Oldcastle。 

        Of course�察�all this was before the days of printing�察�and copies were 

made by hand only。 Yet there were very many of them。 One hundred and 

fifty manuscripts�察�in whole or in part�察�are extant still�察�a score of them of 

the original version�察�the others of the revision at once undertaken by John 

Purvey�察�Wiclif's disciple。 The copies belonging to Edward VI。 and Queen 

Elizabeth   are   both   still   in   existence�察  �and   both   show   much   use。   Twenty 

years   after   it   was   completed   copies   were   counted   very  valuable�察  �though 

they   were   very   numerous。   It   was   not   uncommon   for   a   single   complete 

manuscript copy of the Wiclif version to be sold for one hundred and fifty 



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or two hundred dollars�察�and Foxe�察�whose Book of Martyrs we used to read 

as   children�察  �tells   that   a   load   of   hay   was   given   for   the   use   of   a   New 

Testament one hour a day。 

     It   would   be   difficult   to   exaggerate   the   influence   of   this   gift   to   the 

English people。 It constitutes the standard of Middle English。 Chaucer and 

Wiclif stood side by side。 It is true that Chaucer himself accepted Wiclif's 

teaching�察�and some of the wise men think that the ;parson; of whom he 

speaks   so   finely   as   one   who   taught   the   lore   of   Christ   and   His   apostles 

twelve�察�but first followed it himself�察�was Wiclif。 But the version had far 

more than literary influence�察�it had tremendous power in keeping alive in 

England   that   spirit   of   free   inquiry   which   is   the   only   safeguard   of   free 

institutions。 Here was the entire source of the Christian faith available for 

the    judgment      of  common       men�察   �and    they   became      at  once    judges    of 

religious and political dogma。 Dr。 Ladd thinks it was not the reading of the 

Bible     which    produced      the  Reformation�察      �it  was   the   Reformation      itself 

which      procured     the   reading     of   the   Bible。��1�А   �But    Dr。   Rashdall     and 

Professor   Pollard   and   others   are   right   when   they   insist   that   the   English 

Reformation received less from Luther than from the secret reading of the 

Scripture over the whole country。 What we call the English spirit of free 

inquiry  was   fostered   and   developed   by  Wiclif   and   his   Lollards   with   the 

English Scripture in their hands。 Out of it has grown as out of no other one 

root the freedom of the English and American people。 

       ��1�А�What Is the Bible�殖察�p。 45。 

       This   work   of   Wiclif   deserves   the   time   we   have   given   it   because   it 

asserted a principle for the English people。 There was much yet to be done 

before entire freedom was gained。 At Oxford�察�in the Convocation of 1408�察�

it was solemnly voted�此 �We decree and ordain that no man hereafter by his 

own authority translate any text of the Scripture into English�察�or any other 

tongue�察�by way of a book�察�pamphlet�察�or other treatise�察�but that no man read 

any such book�察�pamphlet�察�or treatise now lately composed in the time of 

John Wiclif 。。。 until the said translation be approved by the orderly of the 

place。; But it was too late。 It is always too late to overtake a liberating idea 

once it gets free。 Tolstoi tells of Batenkoff�察�the Russian nihilist�察�that after 

he was seized and confined in his cell he was heard to laugh loudly�察�and�察�



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