study of the king james bible(杯咫ヾ淵将ゝ冩梢)-及3准
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
and looked as carefully as we do for a corrective of social evils。 Wiclif�察�in
the late fourteenth century�察�and Tindale�察�in the early sixteenth�察�were two
such men。 The first English translations of the Bible were fruits of the
social impulse。
Wiclif was impressed with the chasm that was growing between the
church and the people�察�and felt that a wider and fuller knowledge of the
8
´ Page 9´
Study of the King James Bible
Bible would be helpful for the closing of the chasm。 It is a familiar remark
of Miss Jane Addams that the cure for the evils of democracy is more
democracy。 Wiclif believed that the cure for the evils of religion is more
religion�察�more intelligent religion。 He found a considerable feeling that the
best things in religion ought to be kept from most people�察�since they could
not be trusted to understand them。 His own feeling was that the best things
in religion are exactly the things most people ought to know most about�察�
that people had better handle the Bible carelessly�察�mistakenly�察�than be shut
out from it by any means whatever。 We owe the first English translation to
a faith that the Bible is a book of emancipation for the mind and for the
political life。
John Wiclif himself was a scholar of Oxford�察 �master of that famous
Balliol College which has had such a list of distinguished masters。 He was
an adviser of Edward III。 Twenty years after his death a younger
contemporary ��W。 Thorpe�� said that ;he was considered by many to be the
most holy of all the men of his age。 He was of emaciated frame�察�spare�察�and
well nigh destitute of strength。 He was absolutely blameless in his
conduct。; And even that same Knighton who accused him of casting the
Church's pearl before swine says that in philosophy ;he came to be
reckoned inferior to none of his time。;
But it was not at Oxford that he came to know common life so well
and to sense the need for a new social influence。 He came nearer to it
when he was rector of the parish at Lutterworth。 As scholar and rector he
set going the two great movements which leave his name in history。 One
was his securing�察�training�察�and sending out a band of itinerant preachers or
;poor priests; to gather the people in fields and byways and to preach the
simple truths of the Christian religion。 They were unpaid�察�and lived by the
kindness of the common people。 They came to be called Lollards�察�though
the origin of the name is obscure。 Their followers received the same name。
A few years after Wiclif's death an enemy bitterly observed that if you met
any two men one was sure to be a Lollard。 It was the ;first time in English
history that an appeal had been made to the people instead of the
scholars。; Religion was to be made rather a matter of practical life than of
dogma or of ritual。 The ;poor priests; in their cheap brown robes became a
9
´ Page 10´
Study of the King James Bible
mighty religious force�察�and evoked opposition from the Church powers。 A
generation after Wiclif's death they had become a mighty political force in
the controversy between the King and the Pope。 As late as 1521 five
hundred Lollards were arrested in London by the bishop。��1�А �Wiclif's
purpose�察 �however�察 �was to reach and help the common people with the
simpler�察�and therefore the most fundamental�察�truths of religion。
��1�А�Muir�察�Our Grand Old Bible�察�p。 14。
The other movement which marks Wiclif's name concerns us more�察�
but it was connected with the first。 He set out to give the common people
the full text of the Bible for their common use�察�and to encourage them not
only in reading it�察�if already they could read�察�but in learning to read that
they might read it。 Tennyson compares the village of Lutterworth to that of
Bethlehem�察 �on the ground that if Christ�察 �the Word of God�察 �was born at
Bethlehem�察 �the Word of Life was born again at Lutterworth。��1�А �The
translation was from the Vulgate�察 �and Wiclif probably did little of the
actual work himself�察 �yet it is all his work。 And in 1382�察 �more than five
centuries ago�察 �there appeared the first complete English version of the
Bible。 Wiclif made it the people's Book�察�and the English people were the
first of the modern nations to whom the Bible as a whole was given in
their own familiar tongue。 Once it got into their hands they have never let
it be taken entirely away。
��1�А �Not least art thou�察�thou little Bethlehem In Judah�察�for in thee
the Lord was born�察 �Nor thou in Britain�察�little Lutterworth�察 �Least�察�for in
thee the word was born again。; Sir John
Oldcastle。
Of course�察�all this was before the days of printing�察�and copies were
made by hand only。 Yet there were very many of them。 One hundred and
fifty manuscripts�察�in whole or in part�察�are extant still�察�a score of them of
the original version�察�the others of the revision at once undertaken by John
Purvey�察�Wiclif's disciple。 The copies belonging to Edward VI。 and Queen
Elizabeth are both still in existence�察 �and both show much use。 Twenty
years after it was completed copies were counted very valuable�察 �though
they were very numerous。 It was not uncommon for a single complete
manuscript copy of the Wiclif version to be sold for one hundred and fifty
10
´ Page 11´
Study of the King James Bible
or two hundred dollars�察�and Foxe�察�whose Book of Martyrs we used to read
as children�察 �tells that a load of hay was given for the use of a New
Testament one hour a day。
It would be difficult to exaggerate the influence of this gift to the
English people。 It constitutes the standard of Middle English。 Chaucer and
Wiclif stood side by side。 It is true that Chaucer himself accepted Wiclif's
teaching�察�and some of the wise men think that the ;parson; of whom he
speaks so finely as one who taught the lore of Christ and His apostles
twelve�察�but first followed it himself�察�was Wiclif。 But the version had far
more than literary influence�察�it had tremendous power in keeping alive in
England that spirit of free inquiry which is the only safeguard of free
institutions。 Here was the entire source of the Christian faith available for
the judgment of common men�察 �and they became at once judges of
religious and political dogma。 Dr。 Ladd thinks it was not the reading of the
Bible which produced the Reformation�察 �it was the Reformation itself
which procured the reading of the Bible。��1�А �But Dr。 Rashdall and
Professor Pollard and others are right when they insist that the English
Reformation received less from Luther than from the secret reading of the
Scripture over the whole country。 What we call the English spirit of free
inquiry was fostered and developed by Wiclif and his Lollards with the
English Scripture in their hands。 Out of it has grown as out of no other one
root the freedom of the English and American people。
��1�А�What Is the Bible�殖察�p。 45。
This work of Wiclif deserves the time we have given it because it
asserted a principle for the English people。 There was much yet to be done
before entire freedom was gained。 At Oxford�察�in the Convocation of 1408�察�
it was solemnly voted�此 �We decree and ordain that no man hereafter by his
own authority translate any text of the Scripture into English�察�or any other
tongue�察�by way of a book�察�pamphlet�察�or other treatise�察�but that no man read
any such book�察�pamphlet�察�or treatise now lately composed in the time of
John Wiclif 。。。 until the said translation be approved by the orderly of the
place。; But it was too late。 It is always too late to overtake a liberating idea
once it gets free。 Tolstoi tells of Batenkoff�察�the Russian nihilist�察�that after
he was seized and confined in his cell he was heard to laugh loudly�察�and�察�
11
´ Page 12´