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so   great   a   story   if   it   is   told   that   way。   One   of   his   biographers   says   of 

Lincoln      that   there    is  nothing     in  his   whole     career    which     calls   for 

explanation in other than a purely natural and human way。 That is true�察�if 

one does not care to go any farther back than that。 But the greatest story 

cannot be made out of Lincoln's life on those terms。 There is not material 

enough�察  �the   life   must   be   delocalized。   It   can   be   told   without   that   larger 

view�察�so that it will be of interest to America and American children�察�but 



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not so that it will be of value to generations of men in all countries and 

under all circumstances if it is told on those terms。 Part of the greatness of 

Scripture�察�from a literary point of view�察�is that it has such a tremendous 

range   of   theme�察  �and   is   saved   from   a   mere   narration   of   local   events   by 

seeing those events in the light of larger considerations。 

     Let   that   stand   for   one   of   the   great   facts。   Now   take   one   of   the   great 

problems。 The thing that makes Job so great a classic is the fact that�察�while 

it is dealing with a character�察�he is standing for the problem of undeserved 

suffering。   A   man   who   has   that   before   him�察  �if   he   has   at   all   the   gift   of 

imagination�察�is sure to write in a far larger way than when he is dealing 

with a man with boils as though he were finally important。 One could deal 

with Job as a character�察�and do a small piece of work。 But when you deal 

with Job as a type�察�a much larger opportunity offers。 

     It   is   these   great   ideas�察  �as   to   either   facts   or   problems�察  �that   give   the 

seriousness�察�the earnestness to the literature of the Bible。 Men who express 

great   ideas   in   literary   form   are   not   dilettante   about   them。   One   of   the 

English      writers    just   now     prominent      as   an   essayist    is   often   counted 

whimsical�察  �trifling。   One   of   his   near   friends   keenly   resents   that   opinion�察�

insists    instead    that   he   is  dead    in   earnest�察  �serious     to  the   last  degree�察�

purposeful in all his work。 What makes that so difficult to believe is that 

there   is   always   a   tone   of   chaffing   in   his   essays。   He   seems   always   to   be 

making fun of himself or of other people�察�and if he is dead in earnest he 

has the wrong style to make great literature or literature that will live long。 

     It is that earnestness and greatness of theme which puts the tang into 

the English of the Bible。 Coleridge says that ;after reading Isaiah or the 

Epistle  to   the   Hebrews�察  �Homer   and Virgil   are  disgustingly  tame�察  �Milton 

himself barely tolerable。; It need not be put quite so strongly as that�察�but 

there is large warrant of fact in that expression。 

     Go a little farther in thought of the literary characteristics of the Bible。 

Notice the variety of the forms involved。 Recall Professor Moulton's four 

cardinal   points   in   literature�察  �all   of   it   taking   one   of   these   forms�此  �either 

description�察  �when   a   scene   is   given   in   the   words   of   the   author�察  �as   when 

Milton and Homer describe scenes without pretending to give the words of 

the actors throughout�察�or�察�secondly�察�presentation�察�when a scene is given in 



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the words of those who took part in it�察�and the author does not appear�察�as�察�

of course�察�in the plays of Shakespeare�察�when he never appears�察�but where 

all his sentiments are put in the words of others。 As between those two�察�the 

Bible is predominantly a book of description�察�the authors for the most part 

doing the speaking�察�though there is�察�of course�察�an element of presentation。 

Professor   Moulton   goes   on   with   the   two   other   phases   of   literary   form�此�

prose�察  �moving   in   the   region   limited   by   facts�察  �as   history   and   philosophy 

deal only with what actually has existence�察�and poetry�察�which by its Greek 

origin   means   creative   literature。   He   reminds   us   that�察  �however   literature 

starts�察�these are the points toward which it moves�察�the paths it takes。 All 

four of them appear in the literature of the English Bible。 You have more 

of   prose   and   less   of   poetry�察  �but   the   poetry   is   there�察  �not   in   the   sense   of 

rhyme�察�but in the sense of real creative literature。 

     A more natural way of considering the literature has been followed by 

Professor Gardiner。 He finds four elements in the literature of the Bible�此�its 

narrative�察    �its   poetry�察  �its   philosophizing�察      �and    its  prophecy。     It  is   not 

necessary for our purpose to go into details about that。 We shall have all 

we need when we realize that�察�small as the volume of the book is�察�it yet 

does cover all these types of literature。 Its difference from other books is 

that it deals with all of its subjects so compactly。 

     It will accent this fact of its variety if we note the musical element in 

the literature of the Bible。 It comes in part from the form which marks the 

original Hebrew poetry。 It has become familiar to say that it is not of the 

rhyming kind。 Rather it is marked by the balancing of phrases or of ideas�察�

so that it runs in couplets or in triplets throughout。 In the Psalms there is 

always a balance of clauses。 They are sometimes adversative�察�sometimes 

they are simply cumulative。 Take several instances from the 119th Psalm�察�

each a complete stanza of Hebrew poetry�察。�verse 15�� ;I will meditate in 

thy precepts�察�and have respect unto thy ways;�察�or this ��verse 23���察 �Princes 

also   did   sit   and   speak   against   me�此  �but   thy   servant   did   meditate   in   thy 

statutes;�察  �or   this   ��verse   45���察   �And   I   will   walk   at   liberty�此  �for   I   seek   thy 

precepts;�察  。�verse   51�撮�   ;The   proud   have   had   me   greatly   in   derision�此  �yet 

have I not inclined from thy law。; Each presents a parallel or a contrast of 

ideas。 That is the characteristic mark of Hebrew poetry。 It results in a kind 



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of rhythm of the English which makes it very easy to set to music。 Some 

of   it   can   be   sung�察  �though   for   some   of   it   only   the   thunder   is   the   right 

accompaniment。   But   it   is   not   simply   in   the   balance   of   phrases   that   the 

musical      element     appears。     Sometimes       it  is  in  a  natural    but   rhythmic 

consecution of ideas。 The 35th chapter of Isaiah�察�for example�察�is not poetic 

in the Hebrew�察�yet it is remarkably musical in the English。 Read it aloud 

from our familiar version�此�

        ;The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them�察�and the 

desert shall rejoice�察�and blossom as the rose。 It shall blossom abundantly�察�

and rejoice even with joy and singing�察�the glory of Lebanon shall be given 

unto it�察�the excellency of Carmel and Sharon�察�they shall see the glory of 

the Lord�察�and the excellency of our God。 Strengthen ye the weak hands�察�

and confirm the feeble knees。 Say to them that are of a fearful heart�察�Be 

strong�察�fear not�此�behold�察�your God will come with vengeance�察�even God 

with a recompense�察�He will come and save you。 Then the eyes of the blind 

shall be opened�察�and the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped。 Then shall the 

lame   man   leap   as   a   hart�察  �and   the   tongue   of   the   dumb   sing�此  �for   in   the 

wilderness   shall   waters   break   out�察  �and   streams   in   the   desert。   And   the 

parched ground shall become a pool�察�and the thirsty land springs of water�此�

in the habitation of dragons�察�where each lay�察�shall be grass with reeds and 

rushes。 And a highway shall be there�察�and a way�察�and it shall be called The 

way of holiness�察�the unclean shall not pass over it�察�but it shall be for those�此�

the   wayfaring   men�察  �though   fools�察  �shall   not   err   therein。   No   lion   shall   be 

there�察  �nor   any   ravenous   beast   shall   go   up   thereon�察  �it   shall   not   be   found 

there�察  �but   the   redeemed   shall   walk   there�此  �and   the   ransomed   of   the   Lord 

shall return�察�and come to Zion with songs and everlasting joy upon their 

heads�察  �they   shall   obtain   joy   and   gladness�察  �and   sorrow   and   sighing   shall 

flee away。; 

       That can be set to music as it stands。 You catch the same form in the 

familiar 13th chapter of I Corinthians�察�the chapter on Charity。 It could be 

almost   sung   throughout。   This   musical   elemen

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