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a sport is not the organic expression of discontent which has
been long felt�察�but which has not been attended to�察�nor been met
step by step by as much small remedial modification as was found
practicable�此�so that when a change does come it comes by way of
revolution。 Or�察�again ��only that it comes to much the same
thing���察�a sport may be compared to one of those happy thoughts
which sometimes come to us unbidden after we have been thinking
for a long time what to do�察�or how to arrange our ideas�察�and have
yet been unable to arrive at any conclusion。
So with politics�察�the smaller the matter the prompter�察�as a
general rule�察�the settlement�察�on the other hand�察�the more
sweeping the change that is felt to be necessary�察�the longer it
will be deferred。
The advantages of dealing with the larger questions by more
cataclysmic methods are obvious。 For�察�in the first place�察�all
composite things must have a system�察�or arrangement of parts�察�so
that some parts shall depend upon and be grouped round others�察�as
in the articulation of a skeleton and the arrangement of muscles�察�
nerves�察�tendons�察�etc。�察�which are attached to it。 To meddle with
the skeleton is like taking up the street�察�or the flooring of
one's house�察�it so upsets our arrangements that we put it off
till whatever else is found wanted�察�or whatever else seems likely
to be wanted for a long time hence�察�can be done at the same time。
Another advantage is in the rest which is given to the attention
during the long hollows�察�so to speak�察�of the waves between the
periods of resettlement。 Passion and prejudice have time to calm
down�察�and when attention is next directed to the same question�察�
it is a refreshed and invigorated attention´an attention�察�
moreover�察�which may be given with the help of new lights derived
from other quarters that were not luminous when the question was
last considered。 Thirdly�察�it is more easy and safer to make such
alterations as experience has proved to be necessary than to
forecast what is going to be wanted。 Reformers are like
paymasters�察�of whom there are only two bad kinds�察�those who pay
too soon�察�and those who do not pay at all。
CHAPTER II
COMMON GROUND
I HAVE now�察�perhaps�察�sufficiently proved my sympathy with the
reluctance felt by many to tolerate discussion upon such a
subject as the existence and nature of God。 I trust that I may
have made the reader feel that he need fear no sarcasm or levity
in my treatment of the subject which I have chosen。 I will�察�
therefore�察�proceed to sketch out a plan of what I hope to
establish�察�and this in no doubtful or unnatural sense�察�but by
attaching the same meanings to words as those which we usually
attach to them�察�and with the same certainty�察�precision�察�and
clearness as anything else is established which is commonly
called known。
As to what God is�察�beyond the fact that he is the Spirit and the
Life which creates�察�governs�察�and upholds all living things�察�I can
say nothing。 I cannot pretend that I can show more than others
have done in what Spirit and the Life consists�察�which governs
living things and animates them。 I cannot show the connection
between consciousness and the will�察�and the organ�察�much less can
I tear away the veil from the face of God�察�so as to show wherein
will and consciousness consist。 No philosopher�察�whether Christian
or Rationalist�察�has attempted this without discomfiture�察�but I
can�察�I hope�察�do two things�此�Firstly�察�I can demonstrate�察�perhaps
more clearly than modern science is prepared to admit�察�that there
does exist a single Being or Animator of all living things ´ a
single Spirit�察�whom we cannot think of under any meaner name than
God�察�and�察�secondly�察�I can show something more of the
persona or bodily expression�察�mask�察�and mouthpiece of this
vast Living Spirit than I know of as having been familiarly
expressed elsewhere�察�or as being accessible to myself or others�察�
though doubtless many works exist in which what I am going to say
has been already said。
Aware that much of this is widely accepted under the name of
Pantheism�察�I venture to think it differs from Pantheism with all
the difference that exists between a coherent�察�intelligible
conception and an incoherent unintelligible one。 I shall
therefore proceed to examine the doctrine called Pantheism�察�and
to show how incomprehensible and valueless it is。
I will then indicate the Living and Personal God about whose
existence and about many of whose attributes there is no room for
question�察�I will show that man has been so far made in the
likeness of this Person or God�察�that He possesses all its
essential characteristics�察�and that it is this God who has called
man and all other living forms�察�whether animals or plants�察�into
existence�察�so that our bodies are the temples of His spirit�察�that
it is this which sustains them in their life and growth�察�who is
one with them�察�living�察�moving�察�and having His being in them�察�in
whom�察�also�察�they live and move�察�they in Him and He in them�察�He
being not a Trinity in Unity only�察�but an Infinity in Unity�察�and
a Unity in an Infinity�察�eternal in time past�察�for so much time at
least that our minds can come no nearer to eternity than this�察�
eternal for the future as long as the universe shall exist�察�ever
changing�察�yet the same yesterday�察�and to´day�察�and for ever。 And I
will show this with so little ambiguity that it shall be
perceived not as a phantom or hallucination following upon a
painful straining of the mind and a vain endeavour ��sic�А�to give
coherency to incoherent and inconsistent ideas�察�but with the same
ease�察�comfort�察�and palpable flesh´and´blood clearness with which
we see those near to us �察�whom�察�though we see them at the best as
through a glass darkly�察�we still see face to face�察�even as we are
ourselves seen。
I will also show in what way this Being exercises a moral
government over the world�察�and rewards and punishes us according
to His own laws。
Having done this I shall proceed to compare this conception of
God with those that are currently accepted�察�and will endeavour
��sic�А�to show that the ideas now current are in truth efforts to
grasp the one on which I shall here insist。 Finally�察�I shall
persuade the reader that the differences between the so´called
atheist and the so´called theist are differences rather about
words than things�察�inasmuch as not even the most prosaic of
modern scientists will be inclined to deny the existence of this
God�察�while few theists will feel that this�察�the natural
conception of God�察�is a less worthy one than that to which they
have been accustomed。
CHAPTER III
PANTHEISM。 I
THE Rev。 J。 H。 Blunt�察�in his ;Dictionary of Sects�察�Heresies�察�
etc。�察─�defines Pantheists as ;those who hold that God is
everything�察�and everything is God。;
If it is granted that the value of words lies in the definiteness
and coherency of the ideas that present themselves to us when the
words are heard or spoken´then such a sentence as ;God is
everything and everything is God; is worthless。
For we have so long associated the word ;God; with the idea of a
Living Person�察�who can see�察�hear�察�will�察�feel pleasure�察�
displeasure�察�etc。�察�that we cannot think of God�察�and also of
something which we have not been accustomed to think of as a
Living Person�察�at one and the same time�察�so as to connect the two
ideas and fuse them into a coherent thought。 While we are
thinking of the one�察�our minds involuntarily exclude the other�察�
and vice versa�察�so that it is as impossible for us to
think of anything as God�察�or as forming part of God�察�which we
cannot also think of as a Person�察�or as a part of a Person�察�as it
is to produce a hybrid between two widely distinct animals。 If I
am not mistaken�察�the barrenness of inconsistent ideas�察�and the
sterility of widely distant species or genera of plants and
animals�察�are one in principle´sterility of hybrids being due to
barrenness of ideas�察�and barrenness of ideas arising from
inability to fuse unfamiliar thoughts into a coherent conception。
I have insisted on this at some length in ;Life and Habit�察─�but
can do so no further here。 ��Footnote�此�Butler returned to this
subject in ;Luck�察�or cunning�拭─�which was originally published in
1887。
In like manner we have so long associated the word ;Person; with
the idea of a substantial visible body�察�limited in extent�察�and
animated by an invisible something which we call Spirit�察�that we
can think of nothing as a person which does not also bring these
ideas before us。 Any attempt to make us imagine God as a Person
who does not fulfil ��sic�А�the conditions which our ideas attach
to the word ;person�察─�is ipso facto atheistic�察�as
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