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of Lazarus’ cognitive approach to the study of stress and emotion。 Includes coverage of how to assess 
stress。 

Maier; S。 F。; Watkins; L。 R。; & Fleshner; M。 (1994)。 Psychoneuroimmunology: The Interface between Behavior; 
Brain; and Immunity。 American Psychologist; 49(12); 1004–1017。 An overview of this emergent field for the 
general psychologist; with implications that behavioral…psychological processes may be capable of 
altering immune functioning。 

Pennebaker; J。 (1997)。 Opening Up: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions (Rev。 Ed。)。 New York: The 
Guilford Press。 Investigates the influence of emotional expression on the course of disease within the 
body。 Emotional expression is found to be positively related to physical health。 

Sapolsky; R。 (1996)。 Why Stress Is Bad for Your Brain。 Science; 273(5276); 749–750。 Reviews research that 
suggests that stress can cause areas of the brain to shrink。 Also looks at other negative influences of 
stress on physiological and psychological functioning。 

Taylor; S。 E。 (1991)。 Health Psychology。 New York: McGraw…Hill。 Taylor is a pioneer in the migration of 
psychologists to the field of health and stress; and her text reflects a broad familiarity with all aspects of 
this rapidly growing area。 

Taylor; S。; Repetti; R。; & Seeman; T。 (1997)。 Health Psychology: What Is an Unhealthy Environment and How Does 
It Get Under the Skin? Annual Review of Psychology; 48; 411–447。 Examines the role of environments in 
creating chronic and acute health disorders。 An excellent introduction and review of the field of health 
psychology。 

Zajonc; R。 (1998)。 Emotions: The Handbook Of Social Psychology; Vol。 2 (4th Ed。); 591–632。 A very through 
review of the research and theory of emotions from antiquity to the present by a leading researcher in the 
field。 

258 


CHAPTER 13: EMOTION; STRESS; AND HEALTH 

DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY 

PROGRAM 12: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 

Overview 

A review of what researchers are discovering about why we act and feel as we do; from the exhilaration 
of love to the agony of failure。 

Key Issues 

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs; biological motivation for sexual behavior; reproductive behavior of rats 
and the physiological effects; physiological and psychological motivation for romantic love; the 
universality of emotions; and the effects of optimism and pessimism on physiology。 

Demonstrations 

Rat sexual behavior。 

Interviews 

Psychologist Norman Adler studies reproductive behavior and its physiological consequence in rats。 

Martin Seligman studies the effects of optimism and pessimism on physiology and behavior。 

Abraham Maslow examines the effects of the interplay between human nature and society on
motivation。


PROGRAM 23: HEALTH; MIND; AND BEHAVIOR 

Overview 

How research is forcing a profound rethinking of the relationship between mind and body。 A new 
biopsychosocial model is replacing the traditional biomedical model。 

Key Issues 

How psychological factors affect the physical health and immune systems of the aged; how 
psychological factors affect the oute of in…vitro fertilization; the psychology of biofeedback; the 
sources and consequences of stress; behavioral modification and AIDS; and the General Adaptation 
Syndrome。 

Demonstrations 

Philip Zimbardo demonstrates the process of biofeedback by consciously lowering his pulse rate 
through relaxation and concentration。 

The three stages of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome theory。 

Anti…drinking Public Service Announcement。 

Interviews 

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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

Judith Rodin explains how an increased sense of control and empowerment can have positive effects on 
the physiology of the aged。 Rodin also discusses how the stress of in…vitro fertilization procedure may 
account for its 80% failure rate。 

Neal Miller discusses how individuals can change the functioning of their own internal organs 
through biofeedback。 

Thomas Coates discusses how the bination of medical and psychological research can improve the 
understanding of the AIDS virus。 

Canadian physician Hans Selye studies how stress can affect physical functioning。 

FILMS AND VIDEOS 

City Spaces; Human Places (1985)。 PBS (WBGH); 58 minutes 

If you are planning a lecture on environmental psychology; this videotape provides a humorous view of the 
urban environment and how people make use of a city。 A NOVA presentation。 

Health; Stress; and Coping (1990)。 Insight Media; 30 minutes 

Explores a variety of stressors including daily stress; loss of a love relationship; and posttraumatic stress 
disorder。 Includes information on Norman Cousins and the work of Hans Selye。 

Learning to Live with Stress: Programming the Body for Health (1976)。 DOCA; 20 minutes 

Doctors Hans Selye and Herbert Benson discuss the study of stress and its effects on the human brain and 
body。 Describes how stress contributes to psychosomatic illnesses; such as heart problems; hypertension; 
high blood pressure; and ulcers。 

260 


CHAPTER 13: EMOTION; STRESS; AND HEALTH 


CHAPTER14 
Understanding Human Personality 

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 

On pletion of this chapter; students should be able to: 

1。 Describe the constructs of personality and self 
2。 Identify the various sources of data on personality 
3。 Differentiate between type and trait theories of personality 
4。 Define traits; as operationalized by Allport 
5。 Explain the five…factor model of personality 
6。 Understand the significance of the consistency paradox 
7。 Describe the major theories of personality and identify important differences between them 
8。 Explain the criticism of each theory of personality 
9。 Explain the significance of the reciprocal relationship between self…esteem and self…
presentation 
CHAPTER OUTLINE 

I。 Definitions 
A。 Personality is the plex set of unique psychological qualities that influence an 
individual’s characteristic patterns of behavior; across different situations and over time。 
B。 Core aspect of the self is the subjective; private aspect of personality that gives coherence 
and order to behavior。 
II。Type and Trait Personality Theories 
A。 Categorizing by Types。 Some personality theories group people into distinct 
nonoverlapping categories that are called personality types 
1。 One early type theory proposed by Hippocrates; positing humors 
associated with particular temperaments 
a) Blood: Sanguine temperament; cheerful and active 
b) Phlegm: Phlegmatic temperament; apathetic and sluggish 
c) Black bile: Melancholy temperament; sad and brooding 
d) Yellow bile: Choleric temperament; irritable and excitable 

2。 Sheldon related physique to temperament; assigning people to one of 
three categories; based on body build 
a) Endomorphic: Fat; soft; round 
b) Mesomorphic: Muscular; rectangular; strong 

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CHAPTER 14: UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITY 

c) Ectomorphic: Thin; long; fragile 

3。 Sulloway proposed a theory of personality based on birth order 
a) Each child fills a niche within the family 

b) Firstborn children fill the most convenient niche; they identify 
with their parents 

c) Laterborn children must find different niches; and; thus; are 
usually more open to experience and deviance 

B。 Describing with Traits 
1。 Traits are enduring qualities or attributes that predispose individuals 
to behave consistently across situations 
2。 Allport’s trait approach 
a) Allport posited that each individual has a unique 
bination of traits; the building blocks of personality。 Three 
kinds of traits have been identified: 

(i) Cardinal traits are those around which the individual 
organizes his or her life 
(ii) Central traits represent major characteristics of the 
individual 
(iii) Secondary traits are specific; personal features that 
help predict the individual’s behavior; but are less 
useful for understanding personality 
b) Allport’s interest was in discovery of the unique binations 
of these traits that made each individual a singular entity。 He 
viewed personality structures rather than environmental 
conditions to be the critical determinants of individual 
behavior 

3。 Identifying Universal Trait Dimensions 
a) Cattell proposed that 16 factors provide the underlying source 
of the surface behaviors that we think of as personality 

b) Eysenck derived three broad personality dimensions: 

(i) Extroversion: internal vs。 external orientation 
(ii) Neuroticism: emotionally stable vs。 emotionally 
unstable 
(iii) Psychoticism: kind and considerate vs。 aggressive and 
antisocial 
c) Eysenck proposed that personality differences on these 
dimensions were caused by genetic and biological differences 

4。 Five…Factor Model: Recent research indicates that five factors overlap 
Eysenck’s original three; best characterize personality structure 
a) The five…factor model (the Big Five) brings categories having a 
mon theme together in the following dimensions: 

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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

(i) Extroversion: Talkative; energetic; and assertive vs。 
quiet; reserved; and shy 
(ii) Agreeableness: Sympathetic; kind; and a

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