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FILMS AND VIDEOS 

Eye of the Storm (1971)。 Xerox Film; 29 minutes 

A now classic demonstration of minimal cue differences in creating discrimination by Jane Elliott; a 
grade…school teacher in Riceville; Iowa。 Arbitrarily designating “blue” and later “brown” eyes as 
superior generated remarkable effects on her students。 A classic study; well presented。 

Generation Upon Generation (1974)。 TLF; 52 minutes 

Examines the plex code of human inheritance—from the experiments of pioneer geneticist 
Gregor Mendel to the discoveries of today’s sophisticated laboratories。 From The Ascent of Man 
series。 Good science; but somewhat tedious。 

Intelligence (1990)。 Insight Media; 30 minutes 

Graphically demonstrates the differences between the intellectually gifted and the developmentally 
delayed individual。 Discusses the difficulty in defining intelligence and explains what intelligence 
tests are designed to measure。 Describes the origins of IQ tests and presents the argument as to 
whether the tests measure aptitude or achievement。 Addresses the question of whether intelligence 
is changeable or fixed。 

IQ Testing and the School (1991)。 Insight Media; 60 minutes 

Examines the different tests devised to measure intelligence and achievement; focusing on the 
WISC…R; and the issues of reliability and validity。 Also explores other factors affecting school 
achievement; such as teacher expectations; teaching styles; and class structure。 Shows how 
students at all levels of ability benefit from a cooperative learning environment。 Discusses the needs 
of gifted and developmentally delayed children。 

Nature/Nurture (1986)。 NCAU (FFHS); 52 minutes 

Looks at different influences on human behavior and how some characteristics are inherited and 
others are acquired。 Examines a study of identical twins separated at birth to answer questions 

180 


CHAPTER 10: INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT 

about nature versus nurture。 Illustrates that knowing what is genetic; chemical; or voluntary in 
behavior helps people adapt the environment to themselves and themselves to the environment。 
From the Human Animal series; hosted by Phil Donahue。 

Race; Intelligence; and Education (1974)。 TLF; 53 minutes 

Introduces Dr。 H。 J。 Eysenck; advocate of the theory that heredity influences intelligence more than 
environment does。 Presents six other scientists who discuss their controversial ideas as well as the 
theories of other American psychologists and sociologists。 Great for stimulating classroom 
discussion 

They Call Me Names (1972)。 EMC UC; 20 minutes 

This film examines how the “inferior” stereotype of the mentally or developmentally delayed 
individual affects their lives。 The film also provides a glimpse of the techniques used in providing 
suitable living environments for the mentally impaired; going beyond custodial care。 

CASE STUDY LECTURE LAUNCHER 

At the age of 37; Esquire columnist Bob Greene started to suspect that he was dumber than he had 
been in high school。 At 17; he had been able to add; subtract; and multiply without using a 
calculator。 Twenty years later; those skills seemed to have disappeared。 To see if he could still make 
the grade; Greene decided to retake the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT); the three…hour examination 
of verbal and mathematical abilities that many colleges use to select students for admission。 Greene 
sent in his 11; and on the designated Saturday morning; he showed up at his local high school 
with six sharpened no。 2 pencils in his pocket。 After one hour; “all of us looked dazed; unhappy; 
and disoriented; although I believe that I was the only student to go to the water fountain and take 
an Inderal for his blood pressure” (Greene; 1985)。 

The SAT was designed as a standardized measure of high school students’ academic performance。 
Admissions officers had difficulty interpreting grade…point averages from thousands of high 
schools with different standards and grading policies。 Although the tests were designed as 
objective evaluations; they have been accused of bias; and; despite many revisions over the years; it 
has been difficult to quell those accusations。 Across all ethnic groups; average SAT scores increase 
as family ine goes up。 Whites and Asian Americans consistently outperform Mexican 
Americans; Puerto Ricans; and African Americans (Hacker; 1986)。 Men; on the average; score 
higher than women do (Gordon; 1990)。 

However; the SAT is changing。 Consider the question of calculators。 When the SAT was introduced 
in 1941; pocket calculators did not exist。 When Greene took the test for the second time; the proctor 
instructed that “Calculators or calculator watches may not be used。” 

When Greene’s test results finally arrived in the mail; his hands were shaking。 He felt ridiculous。 
After all; he already had a college degree and a successful career。 Nevertheless; he nervously ripped 
open the envelope。 Not surprisingly for a writer; Greene’s verbal score had gone up 56 points。 In 
math; over the two decades; his score had nose…dived by 200 points。 Just as it is difficult to know 
why some groups perform better than others on the SAT; it is impossible to know for sure why Bob 
Greene’s math score plummeted。 Wasn’t the test supposed to measure his basic aptitude for math— 
what he understood and not just what he had learned? Had his math aptitude decreased because 
in his work he does not often use the math skills that he once practiced regularly in high school? 
Would he have improved his score if he had signed up for a course that prepared him in advance 
for the test? Had he just been watching too much TV? 

181 


CHAPTER 11 
Human Development across the Life Span 

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 

On pletion of this chapter; students should be able to: 

1。 Describe the significance and characteristics of the pubescent growth spurt 
2。 Explain the physical and psychological changes that occur during the adult years 
3。 Describe Piaget’s stages of cognitive development and discuss their significance 
4。 Define the concept of critical periods and explain its significance to development 
5。 Describe Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development 
6。 ment on the importance and influence of culture to development 
7。 Identify Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning 
8。 Describe the importance of attachment styles and the problems experienced by those 
without secure attachments 
9。 Describe the influence of gender roles and gender identity on development 
10。 Describe the developmental tasks and challenges of adulthood 
CHAPTER OUTLINE 

I。 Studying and Explaining Development 
A。 Developmental psychology is the area of psychology that is concerned with changes in 
physical and psychological functioning that occur from conception across the entire life 
span 
B。 Documenting Development 
1。 Documenting development requires learning to differentiate between 
research that documents age changes and research that documents 
age differences 
a) Age change documents the ways in which individuals change 
as they grow older 

b) Age differences document the ways in which individuals of 
different ages differ from one another 

2。 Normative investigations seek to describe characteristics of a specific 
age or stage of development; providing norms based on observations 
of many individuals; such research efforts permit distinctions to be 
made between: 
a) Chronological age: The number of months or years since birth 

b) Developmental age: The chronological age at which most 

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CHAPTER 11: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 

individuals display the particular level of physical and 

mental development demonstrated by that individual 

3。 Norms permit a standardized basis (such as the Bayley Scales in the 
text) for parisons between individuals and between groups 
4。 Research designs 
a) Longitudinal designs make repeated observations of the same 
individuals; over an extended period of time 

b) Cross…sectional designs (includes most developmental research) 
observe and pare groups of individuals of different 
chronological ages; at the same time 

c) Sequential designs bine the best features of both 
longitudinal and cross…sectional designs; by studying; over 
time; individuals from different birth cohorts 

C。 Explaining Development 
1。 Explaining shared aspects of development requires consideration of 
both universal aspects of change and the unique aspects of change 
that characterize each individual 
2。 The nature—nurture contrast is most often applied to the childhood 
aspects of change by asking such questions as: 
a) To what extent is development determined by heredity 
(nature)? 

b) To what extent is development a product of learned 
experiences (nurture)? 

3。 John Locke proposed empiricism; a nurture perspective that credits 
human development to experience 
4。 Jean…Jacques Rousseau proposed a nativist view; that the evolutionary 
legacy each individual brings into the world is the mold that shapes 
development 
5。 Locke’s and Rousseau’s respective positions fail to do justice to 
human behavior

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