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CHAPTER¡¡5£º¡¡PERCEPTION¡¡

DISCOVERING¡¡PSYCHOLOGY¡¡

PROGRAM¡¡3£º¡¡THE¡¡BEHAVING¡¡BRAIN¡¡
Overview¡¡

The¡¡structure¡¡and¡¡position¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain£º¡¡how¡¡neurons¡¡function£»¡¡how¡¡information¡¡is¡¡collected¡¡and¡¡
transmitted£»¡¡and¡¡how¡¡chemical¡¡reactions¡¡determine¡¡every¡¡thought£»¡¡feeling£»¡¡and¡¡action¡£¡¡

Key¡¡Issues¡¡

The¡¡biology¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain£»¡¡how¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡processes¡¡information£»¡¡the¡¡electroencephalogram¡¡£¨EEG£©£»¡¡
neurometric¡¡evaluation£»¡¡the¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡drugs¡¡on¡¡the¡¡functions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain£»¡¡the¡¡brain¡¯s¡¡own¡¡manufactured¡¡
chemicals£»¡¡and¡¡neurotransplantation¡£¡¡

Demonstrations¡¡

Multiple¡¡brain¡¡wave¡¡recording¡¡to¡¡reveal¡¡various¡¡types¡¡of¡¡brain¡¡malfunction¡£
Effects¡¡of¡¡chemicals¡¡on¡¡learning¡¡and¡¡memory¡¡in¡¡rats¡£


New¡¡Interviews¡¡

John¡¡Gabrieli¡¡illustrates¡¡how¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡stores¡¡and¡¡retrieves¡¡information¡£¡¡

PROGRAM¡¡7£º¡¡SENSATION¡¡AND¡¡PERCEPTION¡¡
Overview¡¡

Explores¡¡how¡¡we¡¡make¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡the¡¡world¡¡outside¡¡our¡¡brain¡¡and¡¡body¡£¡¡See¡¡how¡¡biological£»¡¡
cognitive£»¡¡social£»¡¡and¡¡environmental¡¡influences¡¡shape¡¡our¡¡personal¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡reality£»¡¡and¡¡gain¡¡
an¡¡understanding¡¡of¡¡how¡¡psychologists¡¡use¡¡perceptual¡¡errors¡¡to¡¡study¡¡how¡¡the¡¡constructive¡¡
process¡¡of¡¡perception¡¡works¡£¡¡

Key¡¡Issues¡¡
Visual¡¡illusions£»¡¡the¡¡biology¡¡of¡¡perception£»¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡pathway£»¡¡how¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡processes¡¡
information¡¡during¡¡perception£»¡¡sensory¡¡feedback¡¡in¡¡visual¡¡perception£»¡¡and¡¡perceptual¡¡
constancy¡£¡¡

Demonstrations¡¡
Sensory¡¡feedback¡¡in¡¡visual¡¡perception¡£¡¡A¡¡Stanford¡¡student¡¡demonstrates¡¡the¡¡problems¡¡football¡¡
quarterbacks¡¡face¡¡in¡¡the¡¡adjustment¡¡to¡¡special¡¡kinesthetic¡¡cues¡¡with¡¡distortion¡¡goggles¡¡that¡¡
displace¡¡feedback¡¡from¡¡the¡¡perceived¡¡visual¡¡field¡£¡¡

Perceptual¡¡constancy¡£¡¡Philip¡¡Zimbardo¡¡demonstrates¡¡visual¡¡misperception¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Ames¡¡
distorted¡¡room¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Exploratorium¡¡in¡¡San¡¡Francisco¡£¡¡

Interviews¡¡

Nobel¡¡Prize¡¡winner¡¡David¡¡Hubel¡¡explains¡¡the¡¡mapping¡¡of¡¡the¡¡reaction¡¡of¡¡receptor¡¡cells¡¡along¡¡
the¡¡visual¡¡pathway¡¡of¡¡primates¡£¡¡Hubel¡¯s¡¡award¡­winning¡¡experiment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡response¡¡of¡¡neurons¡¡
to¡¡electrical¡¡activity¡¡in¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡cortex¡¡of¡¡a¡¡cat¡¡illustrates¡¡his¡¡point¡£¡¡

Misha¡¡Pavel¡¡uses¡¡puter¡¡graphics¡¡to¡¡demonstrate¡¡how¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡system¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡breaks¡¡
down¡¡and¡¡rebines¡¡visual¡¡stimulation¡¡into¡¡recognizable£»¡¡coherent¡¡images¡£¡¡

FILMS¡¡AND¡¡VIDEOS¡¡

A¡¡Touch¡¡of¡¡Sensibility¡¡£¨1981£©¡£¡¡BBC£»¡¡50¡¡minutes¡¡

83¡¡


PSYCHOLOGY¡¡AND¡¡LIFE¡¡

This¡¡NOVA¡¡presentation¡¡discusses¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡touch¡¡and¡¡the¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡touch¡¡deprivation¡£¡¡
This¡¡film¡¡examines¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡touch¡¡for¡¡development¡¡at¡¡various¡¡age¡¡levels¡£¡¡Many¡¡interesting¡¡
areas¡¡of¡¡research¡¡are¡¡cited¡£¡¡

Brain¡¡Power¡¡£¨1983£©¡£¡¡IU¡¡£¨LCA£©£»¡¡11¡¡minutes¡¡

Discusses¡¡three¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡perception¡¡that¡¡affect¡¡how¡¡a¡¡person¡¡receives¡¡information£º¡¡recognition£»¡¡
interpretation£»¡¡and¡¡expectation¡£¡¡Throughout¡¡the¡¡film£»¡¡visual¡¡cues£»¡¡puzzles£»¡¡and¡¡optical¡¡illusions¡¡
remind¡¡the¡¡viewer¡¡that¡¡one¡¯s¡¡perceptions¡¡can¡¡be¡¡easily¡¡fooled¡£¡¡A¡¡brief£»¡¡clever¡¡film¡¡that¡¡stimulates¡¡
students¡¯¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡sensation¡¡and¡¡perception¡£¡¡

Human¡¡Perception£º¡¡A¡¡Collection¡¡of¡¡Demonstrations¡¡and¡¡Effects¡¡£¨1986£©¡£¡¡Hanover£»¡¡N¡£H¡££º¡¡

Dartmouth¡¡College£»¡¡Office¡¡of¡¡Instructional¡¡Services¡¡and¡¡Educational¡¡Research¡£¡¡Contains¡¡real¡­time¡¡
segments£»¡¡single¡¡frames£»¡¡picture¡¡and¡¡chapter¡¡stops¡£¡¡

The¡¡Mind£º¡¡Pain¡¡and¡¡Healing¡¡£¨1988£©¡£¡¡HARR£»¡¡24¡¡minutes¡¡

Reviews¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡on¡¡people¡¯s¡¡ability¡¡to¡¡control¡¡pain¡¡and¡¡on¡¡their¡¡ability¡¡to¡¡promote¡¡
physical¡¡healing¡£¡¡An¡¡excellent¡¡film¡£¡¡Traces¡¡the¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡a¡¡woman¡¡through¡¡a¡¡three¡­week¡¡clinic¡¡
program¡¡to¡¡reduce¡¡chronic£»¡¡long¡­term¡¡pain¡£¡¡The¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡her¡¡movement¡¡and¡¡affect¡¡are¡¡dramatic¡£¡¡
Demonstrates¡¡the¡¡placebo¡¡effect£»¡¡and¡¡shows¡¡how¡¡cues£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡a¡¡doctor¡¯s¡¡white¡¡coat£»¡¡can¡¡trigger¡¡the¡¡
release¡¡of¡¡endorphins¡¡to¡¡reduce¡¡pain¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡final¡¡segment£»¡¡a¡¡cancer¡¡patient¡¡discusses¡¡how¡¡the¡¡
interaction¡¡of¡¡cognitive¡¡therapy¡¡with¡¡physical¡¡therapy¡¡has¡¡increased¡¡her¡¡life¡¡expectancy¡¡and¡¡her¡¡life¡¡
quality¡£¡¡

The¡¡Senses£º¡¡Eyes¡¡and¡¡Ears¡¡£¨1985£©¡£¡¡FFHS£»¡¡26¡¡minutes¡¡

Visual¡¡and¡¡auditory¡¡distance¡¡receptors¡¡are¡¡discussed¡£¡¡Demonstrations¡¡of¡¡how¡¡each¡¡processes¡¡
information¡¡are¡¡also¡¡shown¡£¡¡

The¡¡Senses£º¡¡Skin¡¡Deep¡¡£¨1985£©¡£¡¡FFHS£»¡¡26¡¡minutes¡¡

The¡¡sense¡¡receptors¡¡that¡¡depend¡¡on¡¡immediate¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡the¡¡world¡ªtaste¡¡buds£»¡¡olfactory¡¡cells£»¡¡
and¡¡touch¡¡sensors¡ªare¡¡examined¡£¡¡

CASE¡¡STUDY¡¡LECTURE¡¡LAUNCHER¡¡

One¡¡night¡¡in¡¡1965£»¡¡a¡¡United¡¡Airlines¡¡Boeing¡¡727¡¡started¡¡a¡¡steady¡¡descent¡¡to¡¡Chicago¡¯s¡¡O¡¯Hare¡¡
Airport¡¡from¡¡an¡¡altitude¡¡of¡¡22£»000¡¡feet¡£¡¡Nineteen¡¡miles¡¡off¡¡the¡¡shore¡¡of¡¡Lake¡¡Michigan£»¡¡the¡¡plane¡¡
plunged¡¡into¡¡the¡¡lake¡£¡¡One¡¡month¡¡later£»¡¡also¡¡at¡¡night£»¡¡an¡¡American¡¡Airlines¡¡Boeing¡¡727£»¡¡preparing¡¡
to¡¡land¡¡at¡¡Kentucky¡¯s¡¡Boone¡¡County¡¡Airport£»¡¡followed¡¡the¡¡thread¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ohio¡¡River¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡
runway¡¡which¡¡began¡¡at¡¡the¡¡river¡¯s¡¡steep¡¡south¡¡bank¡£¡¡The¡¡plane¡¡failed¡¡to¡¡make¡¡the¡¡runway£»¡¡and¡¡
crashed¡¡into¡¡the¡¡bank£»¡¡12¡¡feet¡¡below¡¡the¡¡runway¡£¡¡One¡¡night¡¡in¡¡early¡¡1966£»¡¡an¡¡Al¡¡Nippon¡¡Airlines¡¡
Boeing¡¡727¡¡headed¡¡toward¡¡Tokyo¡¡Bay¡£¡¡The¡¡pilot¡¡could¡¡see¡¡the¡¡lights¡¡of¡¡Tokyo¡¡and¡¡Yokohama¡¡
clearly¡£¡¡He¡¡requested¡¡and¡¡received¡¡permission¡¡to¡¡approach¡¡using¡¡visual¡¡cues¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡relying¡¡
exclusively¡¡on¡¡the¡¡instruments¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plane¡£¡¡The¡¡pilot¡¡had¡¡not¡¡even¡¡let¡¡down¡¡the¡¡wheels¡¡or¡¡extended¡¡
the¡¡flaps¡¡when£»¡¡six¡¡and¡¡a¡¡half¡¡miles¡¡from¡¡the¡¡runway£»¡¡the¡¡plane¡¡dove¡¡into¡¡Tokyo¡¡Bay¡¡at¡¡240¡¡knots¡£¡¡

Preliminary¡¡analyses¡¡of¡¡these¡¡and¡¡other¡¡similar¡¡cases¡¡showed¡¡that¡¡all¡¡of¡¡the¡¡accidents¡¡occurred¡¡at¡¡
night£»¡¡under¡¡clear¡¡weather¡¡conditions£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡planes¡¡flying¡¡over¡¡a¡¡dark¡¡area¡¡of¡¡water¡¡or¡¡land¡£¡¡In¡¡
every¡¡case£»¡¡irregular¡¡patterns¡¡of¡¡light¡¡£¨as¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡grids¡¡of¡¡neatly¡¡intersecting¡¡lines¡¡of¡¡streetlights£©¡¡
in¡¡the¡¡distance¡¡had¡¡been¡¡visible¡¡to¡¡the¡¡pilots¡£¡¡

In¡¡a¡¡way£»¡¡the¡¡new¡¡Boeing¡¡727¡¡design¡¡was¡¡partly¡¡responsible¡¡for¡¡the¡¡accidents£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡was¡¡so¡¡
well¡¡engineered¡£¡¡In¡¡earlier£»¡¡less¡¡stable¡¡models£»¡¡feedback¡¡from¡¡vibrations£»¡¡sounds¡¡and¡¡kinesthetic¡¡
sensations¡¡would¡¡have¡¡warned¡¡pilots¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡descending¡¡too¡¡rapidly¡£¡¡However£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡more¡¡
than¡¡an¡¡improved¡¡design¡¡that¡¡had¡¡caused¡¡the¡¡accidents¡£¡¡

Using¡¡a¡¡flight¡¡simulator£»¡¡engineering¡¡psychologist¡¡Conrad¡¡Kraft¡¡found¡¡that¡¡an¡¡error¡¡in¡¡the¡¡pilot¡¯s¡¡
visual¡¡perception¡¡was¡¡responsible¡¡for¡¡each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡accidents¡£¡¡Pilots¡¡making¡¡a¡¡visually¡¡guided¡¡
approach¡¡over¡¡a¡¡dark¡¡terrain¡¡relied¡¡on¡¡the¡¡relatively¡¡constant¡¡visual¡¡angle¡¡between¡¡their¡¡planes¡¡and¡¡

84¡¡


CHAPTER¡¡5£º¡¡PERCEPTION¡¡

the¡¡distant¡¡light¡¡patterns¡¡in¡¡determining¡¡their¡¡altitudes¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡were¡¡approaching¡¡flat¡¡terrain£»¡¡their¡¡
altitude¡¡estimates¡¡were¡¡generally¡¡correct£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡the¡¡terrain¡¡sloped¡¡upward£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡farthest¡¡lights¡¡
higher¡¡than¡¡the¡¡closer¡¡ones£»¡¡even¡¡the¡¡most¡¡experienced¡¡pilots¡¡descended¡¡to¡¡dangerously¡¡low¡¡
altitudes¡£¡¡With¡¡no¡¡visual¡¡information¡¡from¡¡the¡¡¡°black¡¡hole¡±¡¡below¡¡them£»¡¡the¡¡pilots¡¡overestimated¡¡
their¡¡distance¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡and¡¡inappropriately¡¡adjusted¡¡their¡¡descent¡¡angles¡£¡¡

Why¡¡didn¡¯t¡¡the¡¡pilots¡¡also¡¡use¡¡their¡¡altimeters£»¡¡which¡¡indicated¡¡altitude¡¡accurately£¿¡¡When¡¡landing¡¡
an¡¡airplane£»¡¡a¡¡pilot¡¡must¡¡monitor¡¡several¡¡functions¡¡at¡¡once¨Csuch¡¡as¡¡air¡¡speed£»¡¡engine¡¡settings£»¡¡
altitude£»¡¡glide¡¡slope£»¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡attack£»¡¡and¡¡heading¨Cwhile¡¡also¡¡responding¡¡to¡¡air¡¡traffic¡¡controller¡¡
directions¡¡and¡¡watching¡¡for¡¡other¡¡aircraft¡£¡¡With¡¡all¡¡of¡¡these¡¡responsibilities£»¡¡especially¡¡when¡¡
visibility¡¡is¡¡good£»¡¡pilots¡¡may¡¡fail¡¡to¡¡check¡¡their¡¡altimeters¡¡and¡¡instead¡¡rely¡¡on¡¡visual¡¡cues¡¡from¡¡the¡¡
cockpit¡£¡¡After¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Kraft¡¡solved¡¡the¡¡mystery¡¡of¡¡the¡¡accidents£»¡¡mercial¡¡airlines¡¡around¡¡the¡¡world¡¡
informed¡¡pilots¡¡of¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡under¡¡which¡¡they¡¡might¡¡misjudge¡¡altitude¡¡on¡¡approach¡¡to¡¡
landing¡£¡¡Psychologists¡¡such¡¡as¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Kraft¡¡study¡¡perception¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡learn¡¡how¡¡the¡¡major¡¡sensory¡¡
systems¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡¡help¡¡£¨and¡¡sometimes¡¡trick£©¡¡us¡¡in¡¡gathering¡¡information¡¡about¡¡the¡¡environments¡¡
in¡¡which¡¡we¡¡live£»¡¡work£»¡¡and¡¡play¡£¡¡

85¡¡


CHAPTER¡¡6¡¡
Mind£»¡¡Consciousness£»¡¡and¡¡Alternate¡¡States¡¡

LEARNING¡¡OBJECTIVES¡¡

On¡¡pletion¡¡of¡¡this¡¡chapter£»¡¡students¡¡should¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to£º¡¡

1¡£¡¡Identify¡¡and¡¡provide¡¡examples¡¡of¡¡the¡¡three¡¡levels¡¡of¡¡consciousness¡¡
2¡£¡¡Describe¡¡the¡¡origins¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mind¡ªbody¡¡problem£»¡¡and¡¡Descartes¡¯¡¡mechanistic¡¡approach¡¡to¡¡it¡¡
via¡¡his¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡the¡¡animal¡¡machine¡¡
Explain¡¡the¡¡philosophical¡¡and¡¡theoretical¡¡differences¡¡between¡¡dualism¡¡and¡¡monism¡¡

4¡£¡¡Define¡¡the¡¡concepts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡personal¡¡construction¡¡of¡¡reality£»¡¡the¡¡cultural¡¡construction¡¡of¡¡
reality£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡significance¡¡of¡¡consensual¡¡validation¡¡of¡¡both¡¡
5¡£¡¡Define¡¡and¡¡give¡¡examples¡¡of¡¡circadian¡¡rhythms¡¡
6¡£¡¡Identify¡¡the¡¡five¡¡stages¡¡of¡¡sleep£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡functions¡¡of¡¡REM¡¡sleep¡¡
7¡£¡¡Explain¡¡the¡¡four¡¡major¡¡types¡¡of¡¡sleep¡¡disorders¡¡
8¡£¡¡Describe¡¡both¡¡the¡¡basic¡¡premises¡¡of¡¡Freudian¡¡dream¡¡analysis¡¡and¡¡the¡¡activation¡¡synthesis¡¡
hypothesis¡¡of¡¡dreaming¡¡
9¡£¡¡Explain¡¡extended¡¡states¡¡of¡¡consciousness£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡hypnosis£»¡¡meditation£»¡¡and¡¡hallucination¡¡
10¡£¡¡Describe¡¡the¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡psychoactive¡¡substances¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡OUTLINE¡¡

I¡£¡¡The¡¡Contents¡¡of¡¡Consciousness¡¡
A¡£¡¡This¡¡chapter¡¡discusses¡¡ordinary¡¡states¡¡of¡¡consciousness¡¡and¡¡the¡¡mind¨Cbody¡¡problem£»¡¡as¡¡
well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡more¡¡unusual¡¡experiences¡¡that¡¡are¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡human¡¡potential£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡
hallucinations£»¡¡hypnosis£»¡¡and¡¡dreams¡¡
B¡£¡¡Awareness¡¡and¡¡Consciousness¡¡
C¡£¡¡Consciousness¡¡is¡¡an¡¡ambiguous¡¡term¡¡that¡¡can¡¡refer¡¡to¡¡a¡¡general¡¡state¡¡of¡¡mind¡¡or¡¡to¡¡its¡¡
specific¡¡contents¡¡
1¡£¡¡The¡¡contents¡¡of¡¡

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